Machine Architecture
An Introduction
to
Computer Components
CMSC 104, Lecture 02
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Machine Architecture and Number Systems
Topics
 Major Computer Components
 Bits, Bytes, and Words
Reading
 Sections 1.1 - 1.3
 Appendix E (Sections E.1, E.4, E.5)
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Major Computer Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Bus
 Main Memory (RAM)
 Secondary Storage
 I / O Devices
 Starting the computer
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CPU
Central Processing Unit
 The “brain” of the computer
 Controls all other computer functions
 In PCs (personal computers) also
called the microprocessor or simply
processor.

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The Bus
The computer is made up of different
components, like the CPU and main
memory (see diagram)
 The components are connected by the bus
 A bus is a group of parallel wires that carry
control signals and data between
components

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Main Memory
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Main memory holds information such as computer
programs, numeric data, or documents created by a
word processor.
Main memory is made up of capacitors.
If the capacitor is charged, then its state is said to be
1 or ON.
We could also say the the bit is set.
If the capacitor does not have a charge, then its state
is 0 or OFF.
We could also say that the bit is reset or cleared.
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Size of Capacitors
Has decreased dramatically over the last
20 years.
 Now we can fit several million capacitors
on a chip the size of a dime.
 As this technology becomes older, we can
expect the price of memory to decrease.
Is it already decreasing ? ABSOLUTELY !

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Main Memory (con’t)
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•
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Memory is divided into cells, where each cell
contains 8 bits (a 1 or a 0). Eight bits is called
a byte.
Each of these cells is uniquely numbered.
The number associated with a cell is known as
its address.
Main memory is volatile storage. That is, if
power is lost, the information in main memory
is lost.
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Main Memory (con’t)
• Other computer components can:
get the information held at a particular
address in memory, known as a READ,
o or store information at a particular address in
memory, known as a WRITE.
• Writing to a memory location alters its contents.
• Reading from a memory location does not alter
its contents.
o
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Main Memory (con’t)
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All addresses in memory can be accessed in the
same amount of time.
We do not have to start at address 0 and read
everything until we get to the address we really
want (sequential access).
We can go directly to the address we want and
access the data (direct or random access).
That is why we call main memory RAM
(Random Access Memory).
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Secondary Storage Media
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Disks -- floppy, hard, removable (random access)
Tapes (sequential access)
CDs (random access)
DVDs (random access)
Secondary storage media store files that contain
o computer programs
o data
o other types of information
This type of storage is called persistent
(permanent) storage because it is non-volatile.
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I/O (Input/Output) Devices
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Information input and output is handled by I/O
(input/output) devices.
More generally, these devices are known as
peripheral devices.
Examples:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
monitor
keyboard
mouse
disk drive (floppy, hard, removable)
CD or DVD drive
printer
scanner
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Media
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Many I/O devices work in conjunction with media
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A medium holds information (programs, data,
text files)
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Examples:
o floppy disk (not the drive itself)
o hard disk (not the drive itself)
o magnetic tape (not the drive itself)
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Bits, Bytes and Words
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A bit is a single binary digit (a 1 or 0).
A byte is 8 bits
A word is 32 bits or 4 bytes
Long word = 8 bytes = 64 bits
Quad word = 16 bytes = 128 bits
Programming languages use these standard
number of bits when organizing data storage
and access.
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Booting the Computer
The term boot comes from the
expression pulling yourself up by your
bootstraps.
 It refers to the computer’s start-up
procedure.
 When the computer is first turned on, it
reads start-up instructions found in the
ROM chips.

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Booting the Computer (continued)
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These instructions cause the computer to do a
series of tests. Each of the components is tested.
The last thing that happens during boot is that the
operating system is loaded from the hard disk into
RAM.
The computer cannot do anything until the
operating system is loaded, because the operating
system manages all of the basic functions of the
computer.
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