Vaccine Preventable
Diseases
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• Vaccine Preventable Diseases
– Overview
– Preventable Diseases
– Diseases Symptoms and Effects
• Vaccines Available
• References
• Contact Information
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Overview
• Reasons to Immunize Children
– Protect Children
– Diseases still exist
– Diseases are not spread out
– Children do not suffer from disease
• Vaccines help prevent infectious
diseases and save lives
– Immunity to diseases wears off
– Booster doses
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Preventable Diseases
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Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
• Varicella
(Chickenpox)
• Meningococcal
• Rotavirus
• Human
Papillomavirus
• Zoster
• Influenza
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Vaccine Preventable Diseases
Symptoms and Effects
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Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by
the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
• Signs and symptoms
– Might include nausea, lack of appetite,
tiredness, muscle, joint, or stomach pain,
fever, diarrhea or vomiting, headache, dark
urine, light-colored stools, jaundice
• Most common mode of exposure
– Sexual contact
– Needle sticks or sharps
– Infected mother to her baby during birth
• About 5 out of 100 people in the United States
will contract HBV infection sometime in their
lifetime, if not vaccinated.
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Diphtheria
• Caused by a bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae
which releases a toxin, or poison, into the person's body
• Signs
– Thick coating at the back of the throat
– Other body sites affected
• nose, larynx, eye, vagina, and skin
• Symptoms
– Sore throat, fever, chills, difficulty swallowing
– Can lead to suffocation, paralysis, heart failure, coma,
or death
• Spreads through direct contact with an infected person
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by coughing and sneezing
Tetanus
(Td)
• Caused by a toxin (poison) produced by a
bacterium, Clostridium tetani
– Spores are very difficult to kill. Resistant to heat and
many chemical agents
• Mode of exposure
– Cuts, punctures, or other wounds, dirt or feces of
animals
• Symptoms
– Muscle rigidity in mouth, jaws, arms, legs, and
stomach, severe convulsions, difficulty opening
mouth and swallowing
• Leads to broken bones from muscle spasms; breathing
problems/lung infections; coma and death
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Pertussis
(Whooping Cough)
• Caused by a bacterium, Bordetella pertussis
• Highly contagious; spreads through the air by
infectious droplets
• Signs and Symptoms
– Coughing spasms with a "whooping“ sound
– Difficulty breathing
– Can lead to pneumonia, seizures, brain damage,
or death
– Can be a very serious disease, especially for
infants
• Infants younger than age one year accounted for 19%
of pertussis cases and 92% of pertussis deaths in the
United States during 2000-2004.
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Polio
• Common mode of Transmission
– Via the fecal-oral route (i.e., the virus is transmitted
from the stool of an infected person to the mouth of
another person from contaminated hands or such
objects as eating utensils).
– May be spread directly via an oral to oral route
• Sign and Symptoms
– Fever, muscle pain, paralysis, headache
– Can lead to severe illness, deformities, and death
• No cases of "wild" (i.e., natural) polio
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acquired in the United States since 1979
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Measles
• It is spread through the air by
infectious droplets and is highly
contagious
• Symptoms
– Fever, runny nose, cough, loss of
appetite, "pink eye," rash from
face to feet
– Can lead to pneumonia, ear
infections, brain damage,
seizures, and death
• Death from measles occurs in
approximately 2 per 1,000
reported cases in the United
States
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Mumps
• Spreads through coughing, sneezing,
or just talking to an infected person
• Sign of mumps
– “Parotitis," the swelling of the salivary glands, or
parotid glands, below the ear. Occurs only in 30%40% of individuals infected with mumps
• Can lead to brain damage, deafness, and sterility in
men
• Due to good immunization coverage,
mumps is now rare in the United States.
– An estimated 212,000 cases occurred in
1964, while only 258 cases were reported
in 2004
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Rubella (German Measles)
• Mode of transmission
– Person to person through the air
– Mother to baby during pregnancy. Less contagious
than measles and chickenpox
• Symptoms and effects
– Head-to-toe rash with mild fever
– First trimester of pregnancy can lead to fetal death,
premature delivery, serious birth defects such as:
deafness, blindness, and mental retardation
• Good immunization coverage
– Rubella and CRS are rare in the United
States at the present time.
– It can be imported into the United
States at any time
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Varicella
(Chickenpox)
• Caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
• Mode of transmission
– Coughing, sneezing, or contact with an infected
person’s sores; highly contagious
• Symptoms
– Itchy rash with up to 500 sores and blisters,
fever, sore throat, fever, coughing, fussiness,
headache, and loss of appetite
• Can lead to brain damage, lung damage, or
death
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Menningococcal Disease
• Caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis
• Mode of transmission
– Spread person-to-person through the exchange of
respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., by
coughing, kissing, or sharing eating utensils)
• Most common symptoms
– High fever, chills, lethargy, and a rash.
– If meningitis is present, the symptoms will also
include headache and neck stiffness (which may
not be present in infants); seizures may also occur
• There are approximately 2,000-3,000 cases of
meningococcal disease each year in the United
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States
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Rotavirus
• Mode of transmission
– Enters through the mouth; infects the lining of the
intestines
– Very contagious, spreading easily from children who
are already infected to other children and sometimes
adults
• Symptoms
– Fever, an upset stomach, vomiting, followed by
diarrhea
• Every year in the United States, rotavirus causes
illness in 2.7 million children.
• Each year in the United States rotavirus is
responsible for more than 400,000 doctor visits,
more than 200,000 emergency room visits, 55,00070,000 hospitalizations, and 20-60 deaths.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Most commonly sexually transmitted virus
• Spread through sexual contact
• No symptoms when infected
– May disappear on its own
– Genital warts in men and women
– Abnormal Pap test
– Abnormal vaginal bleeding, discomfort during
intercourse
• Can lead to certain cancers in women and men
• Approximately 20 million people are currently
infected with HPV
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Shingles (Zoster)
• Caused by varicella-zoster virus
– Virus stays in nervous system
– Possibly spread to people never exposed
or vaccinated against chickenpox Most common in
people 50 years old or older
• Symptoms
– Pain, itching, or tingling, fever, headache, chills and
upset stomach
– Starts as a painful skin rash often with blisters
– Usually one side of body or face
– Last up to 30 days
• Long-term nerve pain
• Rarely causes pneumonia, hearing problems,
blindness, brain inflammation or death
• One million cases of shingles in the U.S.
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Influenza
• Two types of Influenza Virus
– Influenza A
– Influenza B
• Symptoms
– Onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and nonproductive cough. Additional symptoms may include
runny nose, headache, a burning sensation in the
chest, and eye pain and sensitivity to light
• Children age two years and younger have hospitalization
rates second only to people age 65 years and older
• On average, more than 200,000 people in the United
States are hospitalized each year for respiratory and
heart-related illnesses associated with influenza virus
infections
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Vaccines Available
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Diphtheria, Tetanus,
Pertussis (DTaP)
• Haemophilus Influenza
Type B (Hib)
• Pneumoccocal Conjugate
(PCV13)
• Polio (IPV)
• Rotavirus
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• Measles, Mumps, Rubella
(MMR)
• Varicella (Chickenpox)
• Meningococcal (MCV4)
• Human Papillomavirus
(HPV)
• Tetanus (Td)
• Zoster (Shingles)
• Pneumococcal
Polysaccharide (PPSV23)
• Influenza (Flu)
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References:
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov
• American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org
• World Health Organization http://www.who.int
• American Society of Microbiology Educational
Instructional Library
• Vaccine Information from the Immunization Action
Coalition http://www.vaccineinformation.org
• Photo courtesy of Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, World Health Organization, American
Academy of Pediatrics, World Health Organization,
photo credit Dr. D. Mahalanabis
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City of El Paso Department
of Public Health
TEXAS VACCINES FOR CHILDREN
(TVFC)
6292 Trowbridge Dr.
El Paso, TX. 79905
(915) 778-9815
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