Name: ________________________________
Date: ______________Period: ____________
Structure and Function Study Guide Key
Vocabulary
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms in the space provided.
1. Cell: a membrane-covered structure that contains all the materials necessary for life
2. Tissue: a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body
3. Organ: a combination of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific
function in the body
4. Organ system: a group of organs working together to perform body functions (like a leaf,
stomach, or heart)
5. Organism: anything that can live on its own and perform all life functions
6. pistil: the female reproductive structure in a flower that consists of a stigma, style, and an
ovary
7. stigma: the flower part that is at the tip of the pistil where fertilization begins after pollen
lands on it
8. style: a long tube in between the stigma and the ovary in a female reproductive structure
9. ovary: in animals, an organ in the female reproductive system that produces eggs; in flowers,
the structure that contains ovules and will develop into fruit following fertilization
10. ovules: structure containing plant eggs
11. stamen: the male reproductive structure in the flower that consists of a filament (stalk)
topped by a pollen-producing anther
12. filament: a structure that holds the pollen-producing anthers higher in a flower
13. anthers: sac-like structures that produce pollen
14. pollen: the dust-like particles that carry the male sperm of gametophytes
15. pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male sex organ to the female sex organ in plants
16. fertilization: when the sperm cell fuses with the egg inside the ovule of a plant or animal
17. electromagnetic spectrum: the entire range of electromagnetic waves (including light, radio, xrays, and other invisible rays)
18. reflection: the bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a barrier or an object
Cell Biology Unit
GJUHSD
1
Study Guide
2006-2007
19. refraction: the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
20. transmission: the passing of light through a substance (like air or liquid)
21. absorption: the transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles carried by substances
22. retina: a light-sensitive layer in the eye that contains special neurons called photoreceptors
23. photoreceptor: special neurons that convert light into electrical impulses; there are two
types--rods and cones
24. iris: the colored part of an eye which opens and closes to control how much light goes into the
eye
25. pupil: the opening (or hole) in the iris
26. convex lens: a lens that is thicker in the middle than the edges
27. concave lens: a lens that is thinner in the middle than the edges
28. mechanical advantage: a measure of how many times a machine multiplies an effort applied to a
load (like 100 horsepower)
29. joint: the place where two or more bones connect (sliding joint, ball-and-socket joint, and
hinge joint)
30. lever: a simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum; there
are three classes of levers based on where the input, output, and fulcrum are placed
31. (closed) circulatory system: a circulatory system in which a heart circulates blood through a
network in a closed loop (veins and arteries)
32. heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout an organism
33. lungs: a sac-like organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood
34. arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from the blood
35. veins: blood vessels that direct blood to the heart
36. capillaries: the smallest blood vessels where arteries and veins meet
37. atrium: the upper chamber of a heart
38. ventricle: the chamber of a heart
Fill in the blank
39. In the human eye light is refracted as it passes through the cornea and lens.
40. Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a barrier or an object.
Cell Biology Unit
GJUHSD
2
Study Guide
2006-2007
41. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes as an angle from one medium to another.
42. The passing of light through matter is transmission.
43. When you look at a red apple, you see the color red because red reflected by the apple.
44. The wrist joint functions like a sliding joint.
45. Your bones and muscles work like levers to provide mechanical advantage.
46. The heart, arteries, veins and capillaries are all part of the cardiovascular system.
47. The ovary is the part of the flower that becomes the fruit.
48. The ovules are the part of the flower that becomes the seeds.
49. Tissues work together in a multicellular organism to form a(n) organ.
50. Organs work together in a multicellular organism to form a(n) organ system.
51. The joint in your shoulder is an example of a ball and socket joint.
52. Muscles cause bones to move when the muscles pull on bones.
Short Answer – Answer using complete sentences
53. Identify the three types of joints illustrated below.

Joint A is a shoulder
which is a ball and socket
joint.

Joint B is a knee which is
a hinge joint.

Joint C is a wrist which is
a gliding/sliding joint.
54. Identify the three types of levers illustrated above (remember FLEx)
Lever A is a Class 2 lever because load is in the
middle
Lever B is a Class I lever because the fulcrum is in
the middle
Lever C is a Class III lever because the
fulcrum is in the middle.
Cell Biology Unit
GJUHSD
3
Study Guide
2006-2007
55. Explain the differences between pollination and fertilization.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male sex organ to the female sex
organ in plants. Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell in
plants or animals.
56. Describe in detail, how light enters the eye. Hint: Be sure to include what focuses the light,
refracts the light, and adjusts the amount of light.
Light comes into the eye after being refracted by the cornea and then the lens
which is where light passes after it has passed through the cornea.. The shape
of the convex lens focuses the light. Convex lenses are lenses that are thicker
in the middle than at the edges. When light enters a convex lens, it is always
refracted towards the center helping with focusing light to the back of the eye
How much light enters the eye, after being refracted, depends on the size of
the pupil opening. The pupil is the black spot in your eye because it is absorbing
all the light. The size of the pupil is controlled by a muscle called the iris. The
iris is the colored part of the eye.
Once light has entered the eye, it is detected by cells at the back of your eye
in a light sensitive layer called the retina. The retina is packed by special
neurons (nerve cells) called photoreceptors that convert light into electrical
impulses which travel to the brain via the optic nerve. There are two kinds of
photoreceptors – rods that detect very dim light and cones that detect color.
57. Label the following diagram: pupil, lens, cornea, iris, retina (you may use a label more
than
once).
www.basiclenses.com
Cell Biology Unit
GJUHSD
4
Study Guide
2006-2007
58.Explain the differences between light transmissions, reflection, refraction,
scattering, and absorption.
For you to see an object, the light that is given off by an object or that bounces off an object
(scatters) must enter your eye. What is this light - an electromagnetic wave that interacts with
matter in many different ways.
The light that you are most familiar with is called visible light. Visible light is a narrow range of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet light are all forms of energy in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
White light (visible light) consists of many wavelengths
of radiation, or colors. White light has all the
wavelengths that differ by color and frequency ranging
from red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet
(Roy G Biv). This light then interacts with matter in
certain ways: reflection, absorption, refraction,
transmission, and scattering. We see because the cells in
the back of
human eyes
respond to
these
different
wavelengths
in different ways Light can be reflected, bent
(refracted), transmitted, and absorbed by matter.
Reflection is what happens when a mirror is used. Light is
reflected off of the mirror, without entering the object.
When white light shines on a white object all the colors are
reflected which are not absorbed. So when white light shines
on a black object all the colors are absorbed and no light is
reflected (or scattered) which is why it looks black. When
white light shines on an orange only orange light is reflected,
what happened to all the other colors?
Transmission - is the passing of light through matter. In fact, without the
transmission of light, you couldn’t see! All of the light that reaches your eyes is
transmitted through air and several parts of your eyes.
-
Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes at
an angle from one medium to another. Light is
refracted in the eye when light moves from air to the
cornea then again when it moves through lens.
Absorption - the transfer of light energy
completely to particles of matter – which is why black
is a color that absorbs all light and you feel warmer.
Cell Biology Unit
GJUHSD
5
Study Guide
2006-2007