Unit 3 Bonding Study Guide
Chemistry Standard Set 2
Key Vocabulary Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Metallic Bond
Oxidation State
Coefficient
Subscript
Superscript
Metal
9. Non-metal
10. Neutrality
11. Electrostatic Attraction
12. Cation
13. Anion
14. Shared Pairs
15. Unshared Pairs
16. Outer Electrons/Valence Electron
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Orbitals
Energy – energy to form bonds, bond energy
Crystal Lattice – Alternating positive and negative ions to form ionic solids
Properties of Covalent, Ionic, and Metallic Compounds
Covalent – non-metals, lower melting points, non-conductor of electricity
Ionic – metals and non-metals, higher melting points, conductor of electricity
Metallic – metals, conductor of electricity and heat, malleability, ductility, reacts with acid
Neutrality in atoms and in the formation of formulas
Nomenclature- primarily ionic and some covalent (e.g., mono, di , and tri)
Formation
Dissolving
Items for Memorization
Polyatomic Ions
Nitrate ion
Sulfate ion
Ammonium ion
Phosphate ion
Hydroxide ion
Carbonate ion
-1
NO3
SO4-2
NH4+1
PO4-3
OH-1
CO3-2
Diatomic Molecules
Hydrogen
H2
Nitrogen
N2
Chlorine
Cl2
Iodine
I2
Bromine
Br2
Fluorine
F2
Oxygen
O2
Transition Metal Oxidation
States
Iron
Fe II and III
Copper
Cu I and II
Zinc
Zn II
Gold
Au I and III
Mercury
Hg I and II
Lead
Pb II and I
Skills
1. Ability to draw Lewis Dot Structures
Atoms (e.g., Na, Ba, Al, C, N, O, Cl, and Ne)
Covalent Compound (e.g., N2, O2, Cl2, and H2)
Polyatomic Structure (e.g., H2O, CO2, and CH4)
2. Ability to inventory compounds: Number and Type of Atoms (e.g., Al2(CO3)3, ( NH4)3PO4, and
Ba(OH)2)
3. Ability to name ionic compounds given the formula and write the formula given a name (e.g.,
magnesium bromide, calcium hydroxide, iron III sulfate, and gold I phosphate)
4. Ability to predict bond types (e.i., ionic, covalent, and metallic)
Name:
Date:
Class:
The Alkaline Earth Elements
Background Information
The arrangement of the elements in the periodic table is one of the most important achievements
in modern chemistry. The physical and chemical properties of elements change in a regular
pattern as you go both across the rows and down the columns of the periodic table. As a result,
when elements close to each other in a row or column are compared, they have many of the same
properties. However, when elements farther away from each other in a row or column are
compared, they have more dissimilar properties.
The elements in Group 2 of the periodic table are known as the alkaline earth elements. Like all
members of a group, or family, of elements, they have certain properties that change in a regular
pattern within the group. One of these properties is the ability to form a precipitate, or solid
substance, as a result of a chemical reaction. The precipitate cannot dissolve in water and
eventually settles to the bottom of the container. In this investigation, you will compare the abilities
of the alkaline earth elements to form precipitates as a result of a chemical reaction.
Question: Will the ability of the alkaline earth elements to form precipitates increase or decrease as
you move from top to bottom?
Hypothesis:
Materials (per group)
o Safety goggles
o Spot plate
o Sheet of notebook paper
o Dropper bottles of:
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Procedure
1. Place the spot plate in the center of a sheet
of notebook paper so that there are 4 spots
running down and 3 spots running across.
See Figure 1.
2. Along the side of the notebook paper next
to each of the four spots, write the names of
the four alkaline earth elements that are
present in each nitrate compound listed in
the materials you are using. Write them in
the same order in which they are listed. See
Figure 1.
3. Along the top of the notebook paper next to
each of the three spots, write the names of
the three substances that are combined
with potassium in the materials you are
using. See Figure 1.
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magnesium nitrate
calcium nitrate
strontium nitrate
barium nitrate
potassium carbonate
potassium sulfate
potassium chromate
4. Put on your safety goggles. Place 3 drops of potassium carbonate in each of the four
spots under the word "carbonate." Place 3 drops of potassium sulfate in each of the
four spots under the word "sulfate." Place potassium chromate in each of the four spots
under the word "chromate." Be very careful not to mix the liquid from one spot with the
liquid from another.
5. "Shake the dropper bottle of magnesium nitrate and place 3 drops in each of the three
spots in the row labeled "magnesium." Observe each spot carefully and record the
result in the Data Table. Repeat this procedure using the dropper bottles containing
calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and barium nitrate. Be very careful not to mix the
liquid from one spot with the liquid from another.
6. After recording your results, wash your spot plate thoroughly with soapy water and a
brush.
Observations
DATA TABLE (2 points) (Use ppt for a precipitate and NR for no reaction.)
Alkaline earth
Metal
Carbonate
Sulfate
Chromate
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Conclusion: (8 points) (In the form of a paragraph.)
1. Restate your hypothesis.
2. Was your hypothesis supported or denied? Explain.
3. Was there evidence of a chemical reaction occurring in any of the spots? Explain your
answer.
4. Which alkaline earth element formed the smallest number of precipitates?
5. Which alkaline earth element formed the greatest number of precipitates?
6. What is the relationship between the number of precipitates formed and the location of
the alkaline earth element on the periodic table?
7. If the ability of an alkaline earth element to form a precipitate is an indication of its
ability to chemically react with other substances, which is the most reactive element?
The least reactive?
8. List the alkaline earth metals in order of their chemical reactivity, starting with the most
reactive.
9. How does the order of the elements you listed in question 8 compare to their order in
the periodic table?
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Application and Critical Thinking (4 points) (Answer question below.)
1. Group 1 in the periodic table is known as the alkali metals. Based on your investigation
of' the Group 2 elements, predict the comparative reactivity of the elements in Group 1
of the periodic table.
2. If you had a solution containing a mixture of magnesium, strontium, and barium, how
could you separate the three elements (Hint: Review the information in the Data Table.)
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