NAME _____________________________________________ PALEONTOLOGY FINAL LECTURE TEST
___ 1. The iridium layer and shocked quartz has been utilized to explain the causes of the extinction events at
the end of the A.Permian B.Pleistocene C.Cretaceous D.the iridium layer and shocked quartz has been
utilized to explain the causes of the Permian, Cretaceous and Pleistocene extinction events
___ 2. Edentates feed primarily on A.plants B.large herbivores C.small herbivores D.insects E.edentates feed
upon all of the above
___ 3. Ichthyosaurs A.laid eggs B.gave birth to live young C.some ichthyosaurs gave birth to live young,
others laid eggs
___ 4. In the Crocodile-Reverse tarsus, the A.astragalus fits into the calcaneum B.the calcaneum fits into the
astragalus
___ 5. The presence of a malleus, incus and stapes is diagnostic of A.amphibians B.reptiles C.birds
D.mammals E.all of the above have a malleus, incus and stapes
___ 6. In ?, the carnassials usually involved the M1+2/M2+3 and the claws were fissured. A.Carnivora Vera
B.condylarths C.notoungulates D.perissodactyls E.creodonts
___ 7. The Mousterian tradition has been typically attributed to A.Homo ergaster B.Homo erectus C.Homo
rudolfensis D.Homo habilis E.Homo neanderthalensis
___ 8. Lagomorphs have ? pair of incisors. A.one B.two C.three D.four E.five
___ 9. Within the Order Insectivora, the auditory bulla is A.ossified B.not ossified C.in some Insectivora the
auditory bulla is ossified, in others it is not ossified
___ 10. The ? were rodent-like Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic mammals with low many-cusped molariform
teeth. A.monotremes B.triconodonts C.symmetrodonts D.multituberculates E.eupantotheres
___ 11. ? classification is mostly based on masseter muscle attachment patterns. A.rodent B.insectivore
C.primate D.bat E.artiodactyl
___ 12. Archosaurs are A.euryapsids B.synapsids C.anapsids D.diapsids
___ 13. Rhipidistians and ichthyostegids had ? vertebrae. A.rhachitomous B.anthracosaurian
C.lepospondylous D.stereospondylous
___ 14. Syndactyly is characteristic of many ? marsupials. A.North American B.South American C.Australian
D.all of the above continents have many syndactylous marsupials
___ 15. Sperm structure and the morphology of the voice box and stapes has been utilized to determine the
phylogeny of the A.Falconiformes B.Sphenisciformes C.Strigiformes D.ratites E.Passeriformes
___ 16. The "Turkana Boy", belonging to a species that may be ancestral all subsequent humans, is typically
referred to A.Homo ergaster B.Homo sapiens C.Homo rudolfensis D.Homo habilis E.Homo
neanderthalensis
___ 17. Pleurodont teeth would be most characteristic of A.placodonts B.ichthyosaurs C.archosaurs
D.plesiosaurs E.lizards
___ 18. The therapsid group that gave rise to mammals were the A.pelycosaurs B.cynodonts C.anomodonts
D.aves E.dinocephalians
___ 19. ? were probably near the ancestry of rodents and rabbits. A.triconodonts B.symmetrodonts
C.docodonts D.liptotyphlans E.anagalids
___ 20. The ? is the food-conducting tissue of vascular plants. A.xylem B.phloem C.both the xylem and
phloem are food-conducting tissue
___ 21. ? typically have pinnately compound leaves and circinate fronds. A.lycophytes B.filicinophytes
C.sphenophytes D.pteridospermophytes E.conifers
___ 22. The largest group of modern mammals are the A.artiodactyls B.bats C.rodents D.perissodactyls
E.proboscideans
___ 23. The ? is characterized by "double fertilization". A.Anthophyta B.Ginkgoales C.Cycadophyta
D.Cycadeoidophyta E.Coniferales
___ 24. Which of the following are probably derived from dermal denticles? A.fin spines B.teeth C.all of the
above are probably derived from dermal denticles D.none of the above is derived from dermal
denticles
___ 25. The Laetoli site is famous for A.early hominid bones B.fossil footprints C.early hominid tools D.all
of the above have been found at the Laetoli site
___ 26. Which of the following is a feloid? A.hyaenid B.felid C.viverrid D.all of the above are feloids
___ 27. The thylacoleonids and diprotodontids were marsupials from A.North America B.South America
C.Australia D.the thylacoleonids and diprotodontids lived in North America, South America and
Australia
___ 28. Trilophosaurs and rhynchosaurs were primarily A.carnivores B.omnivores C.herbivores
___ 29. ? are pteraspidomorphs with oral plates. A.cyclostomes B.thelodonts C.heterostracans
D.osteostracan E.anaspids
___ 30. The adianthids, prototheriids and macraucheniids were found primarily in A.North America
B.Eurasia C.Australia D.South America E.these groups were found on all of the above continents
___ 31. The ? were rodent-like primates. A.strepsirhines B.haplorhines C.anthropoids D.plesiadapids
E.chiropterans
___ 32. Upper Paleolithic tool technology was developed primarily by A.Homo sapiens B.Homo erectus
C.Homo rudolfensis D.Homo habilis E.Homo neanderthalensis
___ 33. The ? have an articular-quadrate articulation but the primary hinge is in the dentary-squamosal. They
developed square-cusped molar patterns. A.monotremes B.triconodonts C.symmetrodonts
D.docodonts E.eupantotheres
___ 34. Mustelids and viverrids belong to the A.Artiodactyla B.Primates C.Perissodactyla D.Carnivora
E.Rodentia
___ 35. The presence of prismatic cartilage is characteristic of A.chondrichthyans B.osteichthyans
C.placoderms D.heterostracans E.anaspids
___ 36. Sirenians and desmostylians were ? animals. A.aquatic B.terrestrial C.some were aquatic, others
terrestrial
___ 37. Vertebrates were probably derived from A.molluscs B.cnidarians C.arthropods D.echinoderms
E.poriferans
___ 38. The earliest undisputed hominid is A.Australopithecus afarensis B.Australopithecus africanus
C.Australopithecus ramidus D.Paranthropus boisei E.Paranthropus robustus
___ 39. The "bear-dogs" belonged to the A.Ursidae B.Canidae C.Felidae D.Amphicyonidae E.Mustelidae
___ 40. ? often had massive brow ridges, no chin, and a "bun"-shaped skull. A.Homo ergaster B.Homo
erectus C.Homo rudolfensis D.Homo habilis E.Homo neanderthalensis
___ 41. The presence of a synsacrum, pygostyle, a furcula and uncinate processes on the rib cage is
characteristic of the A.pterosaurs B.plesiosaurs C.mesosaurs D.mosasaurs E.birds
___ 42. The ? are typically dorsoventrally compressed fishes with head and trunk shields, and in advanced
types the shields were connected by ball-and-socket articulations. A.acanthodians B.chondrichthyans
C.osteichthyans D.cyclostomes E.placoderms
___ 43. In ?, the internal carotid remains an important artery and the auditory bulla is not clearly divided into
two chambers. A.arctoids B.musteloids C.aeluroids D. in all of the above the internal carotid
remains an important artery and the auditory bulla is not clearly divided into two chambers
___ 44. Ctenacanths and hybodonts were A.xenacanths B.euselachians C.symmoriids D.placodonts
E.acanthodians
___ 45. ? birds have an obtuse scapulo-coracoid angle and an ilioischiatic fenestrum. A.flying B.flightless
___ 46. The pareisaurs and procolophonoids were primarily A.herbivores B.carnivores C.omnivores
___ 47. In the ? fishes, there are fleshy lobe fins, a squamosal bone is present, and a cosmine layer is present
on the scales. A.actinopterygian B.placoderm C.sarcopterygian D.acanthodian E.chondrichthyan
___ 48. Therapsids were A.anapsids B.diapsids C.synapsids D.euryapsids
___ 49. Mustelids are most closely kin to A.enaliarctids B.desmatophocids C.otariids D.odobenids
E.phocids
___ 50. ? have a single medially-placed nasohypophyseal opening, and the early types had thick bony
skeletons. A.placoderms B.acanthodians C.chondrichthyans D.pteraspidomorphs
E.cephalaspidomorphs
___ 51. The first amphibians evolved during the A.Cretaceous B.Triassic C.Permian D.Pennsylvanian
E.Devonian
___ 52. Birds were probably derived from A.pterosaurs B.theropods C.rauisuchians D.aetosaurs
E.phytosaurs
___ 53. Mammals have a ? occipital condyle. A.single B.double C.triple
___ 54. Sphenodontids and snakes are A.placodonts B.lissamphibians C.lepidosauromorphs
D.archosauromorphs E.testudines
___ 55. Streptostyly pertains to a condition seen in the A.pelvis B.shoulder blade C.vertebral column
D.ankle E.skull
___ 56. The ? were small cephalaspidomorphs with laterally-placed eyes, a terminal mouth, and a hypocercal
tail. A.cyclostomes B.thelodonts C.heterostracans D.osteostracan E.anaspids
___ 57. Marsupials are characterized by ? young. A.altricial B.precocial C.marsupials have both altricial and
precocial young
___ 58. Mammals have a ? jaw articulation. A.quadrate-articular B.squamosal-dentary
___ 59. Which of the following groups has a Crocodile-Normal tarsus? A.crocodile B.rauisuchid C.aetosaur
D.phytosaur E.all of the above groups have a Crocodile-Normal tarsus
___ 60. The ? is homologous to the fish hyomandibular. A.malleus B.incus C.stapes D.all of the above are
equivalent to the fish hyomandibular
___ 61. The proganochelyds, cryptodires and pleurodires are A.thecodont archosaurs B.pterosaurs
C.crocodiles D.amphibians E.turtles
___ 62. In ?, the gill area lies mostly behind the skull. A.elasmobranchs B.subterbranchialians C.in both
elasmobranchs and subterbranchialians the gill area lies mostly behind the skull
___ 63. In ? the snout is elongate and the rest of the skull is telescoped (therefore the maxillae may touch the
back of the braincase). A.proboscideans B.rodents C.cetaceans D.artiodactyls E.edentates
___ 64. The ? gave rise reptiles. A.temnospondyls B.stereospondyls C.lepospondyls D.lissamphibians
E.anthracosaurs
___ 65. ? refers to Asiatic Homo species that lived from about 1.9 million to about 225 thousand years before
the present. A.Homo ergaster B.Homo erectus C.Homo rudolfensis D.Homo habilis E.Homo
neanderthalensis
___ 66. The Great Faunal Interchange occurred between North America and A.Eurasia B.Africa C.South
America D.Australia E.the Great Faunal Interchange occurred between all continents
___ 67. In ?, the first gill arch bears the main burden of jaw support. A.autostyly B.holostyly C.amphistyly
D.hyostyly
___ 68. The ? have 5 to 9 trunk vertebrae, a urostyle, no ribs and rod-shaped ilia. A.labyrinthodonts
B.lepospondyls C.frogs D.rhipidistians E.dipnoans
___ 69. The ? have well-developed eyes, large olfactory lobes, and usually do no echolocate.
A.Microchiroptera B.Megachiroptera C.both groups have well-developed eyes, large olfactory lobes,
and usually do no echolocate.
___ 70. The ? are characterized by an orthograde posture. A.chiropterans B.proboscideans C.artiodactyls
D.perissodactyls E.primates
___ 71. The pectoral and pelvic fins are A.paired B.unpaired
___ 72. The "whisk ferns", in which the sporangia are borne terminally on short lateral axes, belong to the
A.rhyniophytes B.psilopsids C.bryophytes D.sphenopsids E.zosterophyllopsids
___ 73. The presence of a broad stylar shelf on the upper molars and twinned hypoconulid-entoconid on the
lower molars is characteristic of A.monotremes B.placentals C.marsupials D.all of the above have
broad stylar shelves and twinned hypoconulid-entoconid
___ 74. Herbivorous dinosaurs are ? than carnivorous dinosaurs. A.more common B.less common C.there
are approximately equal numbers of carnivorous and herbivorous dinosaurs
___ 75. Taeniodonts, tillodonts, and pantodonts were primarily A.carnivores B.omnivores C.herbivores
___ 76. Dasypodids are most similar to ? in morphology. A.mylodontoids B.megalonychoids
C.tubulidentates D.myrmecophagids E.glyptodonts
___ 77. In ? vertebrae the pleurocentra are reduced or absent and the intercentrum becomes the dominant,
ring-shaped element. A.rhachitomous B.anthracosaurian C.lepospondylous D.stereospondylous
___ 78. North American and South American marsupials are typically A.diprotodont B.polyprotodont
C.many of these marsupials are diprotodont, although a few are polyprotodont
___ 79. Which of the following groups has NO seeds? A.angiosperm B.gymnosperm C.fern D.all of the
above groups have seeds
___ 80. The ectotympanic is a very important bone for classification of the primates. It forms part of the
A.femur B.hand C.teeth D.pelvis E.auditory bulla
___ 81. The majority of recent plants belong to the A.Anthophyta B.Ginkgoales C.Cycadophyta
D.Cycadeoidophyta E.Coniferales
___ 82. In the ? stage of ray-finned fish evolution, the skull bones supporting the jaw were strongly oblique
and the maxilla was firmly joined to the other skull bones. A.chondrostean
B."subholostean/holostean" C.teleost D.in all of the above stages, the skull bones supporting the jaw
were strongly oblique and the maxilla is firmly joined to the other skull bones
___ 83. Which of the following is a hominoid? A.dryomorph B.ramamorph C.pongid D.hominid E.all of
the above are hominoids
___ 84. The ? are the best known Paleozoic sharks. They had a cladodont dentition and some had wierd dorsal
fin brushes. A.xenacanths B.euselachians C.symmoriids D.placodonts E.acanthodians
___ 85. The "Eve Hypothesis" says that humans were derived from a single African stock at about A.15
million years ago B.3 million years ago C.1 million years ago D.150 thousand years ago E.30
thousand years ago
___ 86. The primitive type of tail fin in actinopterygians is A.homocercal B.diphycercal C.hypocercal
D.heterocercal
___ 87. ? include the sea lions, eared seals and fur seals. A.enaliarctids B.desmatophocids C.otariids
D.odobenids E.phocids
___ 88. The ? gave rise to amphibians. A.dipnoans B.coelacanths C.rhipidistians D.symmoriids
E.xenacanths
___ 89. Cats are A.unguligrade B.plantigrade C.digitigrade D.some cats are plantigrade, others are
digitigrade
___ 90. Cartilage ? capable of growth. A.is B.is not
___ 91. The gnawing teeth of rodents are A.canines B.premolars C.molars D.incisors
___ 92. The most primitive anthropoid primates are the A.strepsirhines B.haplorhines C.catarrhines
D.plesiadapids E.platyrrhines
___ 93. The largest land carnivores of all times were the A.litopterns B.notoungulates C.edentates
D.pantodonts E.mesonychids
___ 94. The ? have pedicillate, bicuspid teeth and spool-shaped vertebrae. A.labyrinthodonts
B.lissamphibians C.rhipidistians D.coelacanths E.lepospondyls
___ 95. In ?, the ear region had two chambers. This order includes the typotheres and toxodonts. A.litopterns
B.edentates C.notoungulates D.perissodactyls E.artiodactyls
___ 96. The Edentata is believed to be a ? group. A.monophyletic B.polyphyletic
___ 97. Mammals have ? growth. A.determinate B.indeterminate
___ 98. The earliest species of Homo, in which the face and palate was very similar to Australopithecus, was
A.Homo sapiens B.Homo neanderthalensis C.Homo habilis D.Homo rudolfensis E.Homo ergaster
___ 99. In the ?, there is an upper temporal opening with the postorbital and squamosal meeting below.
A.anapsids B.synapsids C.diapsids D.euryapsids
___ 100. Flowers are modified A.roots B.stems C.leaves D.flowers may have been derived from roots,
stems or leaves E.flowers evolved independently; they are not derived from roots, stems or leaves