Latoya Brown
Ell 101 0609
Professor Yin
May, 4, 2010
Chapter 11 Pragmatics
1.
Pragmatics; is the study of what the speaker means or ‘speaker meaning’
2.
Linguistic Context;(co-text); the co-text of a word is the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence. Physical Context; allow us to effectively interpret words, based on the situation time or place a word is being used.
3.
Deixis ; Language that can only be understood in terms of speakers intended meaning basically using words such as this or here as a way of ‘pointing’ with language.
Example in English; move it this way. This sentence would be ambiguous if the individual speaking was not there physically pointing while saying the statement one might wonder where is here?
4.
Three Deixis; Person Deixis ; used to point to things (it, his, these boxes) and people (him
, them, those idiots). Spatial Deixis; are used to point to a location (here, there, then).
Temporal Deixis ; are used to point out a time (now, then, last week) .
5.
Reference; the act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable listener (or reader) to identify something. Words used; Proper Nouns (Latoya, Ray, Charlie), other nouns in phrases (a singer, my wife, the dog) or Pronouns (she, he, it) are used to refer.
6.
Inference; additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what is to be meant. Example; in a restaurant a waiter can ask where’s the spinach salad sitting?
And get the response; he’s sitting by the door.
( the idea is that with inference we can use things ( salad) to refer to people and vice versa)

7.
Anaphora; use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned. Antecedent; is the first mention of something or someone that is later referred to via anaphora. Examples in English; We saw a funny home video about a boy washing a puppy in a small bath. The puppy started struggling and shaking and the boy got really wet. When he let go, it jumped out of the bath and ran away. ; the antecedents are , a boy, a puppy, and a small bath, ; the Anaphora’s are The puppy, the boy, the bath
8.
Presupposition; what a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or know by listener (or reader).; Example, if someone tells you your brother is waiting outside, the
Presupposition is that you have a brother.
9.
Speech act; the act performed by the speaker with an utterance.
10.
Direct speech act; when an interrogative structure such as did you….? Are they …? or
Can we….? Is used with the function of a question. Indirect speech act; an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) does not directly match the function (e.g. request) performed by a speaker a with an utterance, in contrast to a direct speech act.;
Examples in English Did you eat the Pizza , Interrogative, question (direct)
Eat the pizza (please)! , imperative , command
You ate the pizza. , Declarative, statement (Indirect )
11.
Politeness; showing awareness of and consideration for another person face.; Face; is public self image.
12.
Face Threatening act; when something is said that represents a threat to another person’s self image. Face-Saving act; when something is said that lessens the possible threat to

13.
Negative Face; is the need to be free and independent from imposition; Positive Face; the need to be connected to, to belong, to be a member of the group . Examples in
English Negative Face; (I’m sorry to bother you…. ; I know your busy, but…) Positive
Face; (Let’s do it together… ; you and I have the same problem, so…). another’s face. Examples in English;
Face threatening act ( Give me that paper!). Face saving act; (Could you pass me that paper?)