Chapter 1:
Client/Server Databases and the
Oracle 10g Relational Database
Guide to Oracle 10g
Objectives
• Develop an understanding of the purpose of
database systems
• Describe the purpose and contents of an entityrelationship model
• Explain the steps in the normalization process
• Describe the differences between personal and
client/server databases
Guide to Oracle 10g
2
Objectives (continued)
• Understand the Northwoods University student
registration database and the Clearwater Traders
sales order database
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3
Introduction
• If an organization needs to store and maintain a
large amount of data that must be viewed and
updated by many users at the same time, it often
uses a client/server database such as Oracle 10g.
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Database Systems
• Data files consist of:
– Fields
• Describe characteristics
• Also called columns
– Records
• Group of related fields
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Database Systems (continued)
• Problems with storing data in files:
– Proliferation of data management programs
– Presence of redundant data
– Inconsistent data
• Database
– Stores all organizational data in central location
– Eliminates redundant data to reduce possibility of
inconsistent data
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Database Systems (continued)
• Database management system (DBMS)
– Application that performs all routine data-handling
operations
– Provides central set of common functions for
managing database
•
•
•
•
Inserting
Updating
Retrieving
Deleting data values
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Database Approach to Data Processing
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Database Systems (continued)
• Database administrator
– Person responsible for installing, administering,
and maintaining the database
– Often called DBA
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Overview of Relational Databases
• Table
– Matrix with columns and rows
• Columns
– Represent different data fields
– Characteristics or attributes about entity
• Rows
– Contain individual records
– Attributes about a specific instance of entity
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Overview of Relational Databases
(continued)
Guide to Oracle 10g
11
Overview of Relational Databases
(continued)
• Entity
– Object about which you want to store data
– Different tables store data about each different
entity
• Relationships
– Links that show how different records are related
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Overview of Relational Databases
(continued)
• Key fields
– Establish relationships among records in different
tables
– Main types of key fields
•
•
•
•
•
Primary
Candidate
Surrogate
Foreign
Composite
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Primary Keys
• Column in relational database table whose value
must be unique for each row
• Serves to identify individual occurrence of entity
• Every row must have a primary key
• Cannot be NULL
• NULL
– Value is absent or unknown
– No entry is made for that data element
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Candidate Keys
• Any column that could be used as the primary key
• Should be a column that is unique for each record
and does not change
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Surrogate Keys
• Column created to be record’s primary key
identifier
• Has no real relationship to row to which it is
assigned other than to identify it uniquely
• Surrogate key values automatically generated
using a sequence
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Foreign Keys
• Column in table that is a primary key in another table
• Creates relationship between two tables
• Value must exist in table where it is the primary key
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Composite Keys
• Unique key that is created by combining two or more
columns
• Usually comprises fields that are primary keys in other
tables
Composite
Key
ORDER_ID
PRODUCT_ID
ORDER_QUANTITY
100
1
2
100
2
2
200
2
2
200
1
1
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Database Design
• Main tasks involved with design of database:
– Developing entity-relationship (ER) model
– Normalizing database tables
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Entity-Relationship Model
• Designed to help you identify which entities need
to be included in database
• Composed of
– Squares representing entities
– Lines representing relationships
• Types of relationships:
– One to one (1:1)
– One to many (1:M)
– Many to many (N:M)
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Entity-Relationship Model (continued)
• One to one (1:1)
– Each occurrence of a specific entity is found only
once in each set of data
– Rare in relational databases
• One to many (1:M)
– Instance can only appear once in one entity, but one
or more times in the other entity
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Entity-Relationship Model (continued)
• Many to many (N:M)
– Instance can occur multiple times in each entity
– Cannot be represented in physical database
– Broken down into series of two or more 1:M
relationships through use of linking table in process
of normalization
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Normalization
• Step-by-step process used to determine which data
elements should be stored in which tables
• Purpose
– Eliminate data redundancy
• Several levels of normalization
– Forms
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Normalization (continued)
• Unnormalized data
– Does not have a primary key identified
– Contains repeating groups
• First normal form (1NF)
– Repeating groups removed
– Primary key field identified
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Example of Unnormalized Data
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Normalization (continued)
• Second normal form (2NF)
– In 1NF
– No partial dependencies
• Partial dependency
– Fields within the table are dependent only on part
of the primary key
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Normalization (continued)
• Basic procedure for identifying partial
dependency:
– Look at each field that is not part of the composite
primary key
– Make certain you are required to have both parts of
the composite field to determine the value of the
data element
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Normalization (continued)
• Third normal form (3NF)
– In 2NF
– No transitive dependencies
• Transitive dependency
– Field is dependent on another field within the table
that is not the primary key field
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Database Systems
• Consists of
– DBMS
• Manages physical storage and data retrieval
– Database applications
• Provide interface that allows users to interact with
database
• Server
– Computer that shares resources with other
computers
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Database Systems (continued)
• Server process
– Program that listens for requests for resources from
clients
– Responds to requests
• Client
– Program that requests and uses server resources
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Personal Database Management
Systems
• DBMS and database applications run on same
workstation
• Appear to user as a single integrated application
• Used primarily for creating single-user database
applications
• Can also be used for some multiuser applications
• Should be used only for applications that are not
mission critical
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Personal Database Management
Systems (continued)
• Microsoft Access
– Stores all data for database in a single file with an
.mdb extension
– Database administrator stores .mdb file on a central
file server
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Using a Personal Database for a
Multiuser Application
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Personal Database Management
Systems (continued)
• Transaction processing
– Grouping related database changes into units of
work that must either all succeed or all fail
– DBMS can use the transaction log to reverse—or
roll back—the changes
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Client/Server Database Management
Systems
• DBMS server process runs on one workstation
• Database applications run on separate client
workstations across network
• Server sends only requested data back to client
rather than entire database
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Client/Server Database Architecture
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36
Client/Server Database Management
Systems (continued)
• Generate less network traffic than personal
databases
• Extra features to minimize chance of failure
• Powerful recovery mechanisms that often operate
automatically
• Maintain file-based transaction log on database
server
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Client/Server Database Management
Systems (continued)
• Preferred for
– Database applications that retrieve and manipulate
small amounts of data from databases containing
large numbers of records
– Mission-critical applications
– Web-based database applications that require
increased security and fault tolerance
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The Oracle 10g Client/Server
Database
• Oracle 10g
– Latest release of Oracle Corporation’s relational
database
– Client/server database
• Server side
– DBMS server process
• Oracle Net
– Utility that enables network communication
between client and server
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Client/Server Architecture for
Oracle 10g DBMS
Guide to Oracle 10g
40
The Oracle 10g Client/Server
Database (continued)
• Oracle Application Server
– Used to create World Wide Web pages that allow
users to access Oracle databases
• Oracle client products:
– SQL*Plus
– Oracle 10g Developer Suite
– Enterprise Manager
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The Database Cases
• Fictional organizations:
– Clearwater Traders
– Northwoods University
• Design principles:
– Convert all tables to third normal form
– Include primary key as foreign key in table on
“many” side of relationship
– Specify data type for each column
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The Clearwater Traders Sales Order
Database
• Clothing and sporting goods through mail-order
catalogs
• Wants to begin accepting orders using Web site
• Required data consists of information for:
–
–
–
–
Customers
Orders
Items
Shipments
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The Clearwater Traders Sales Order
Database (continued)
• Tables:
–
–
–
–
–
CUSTOMER
ORDER_SOURCE
ORDERS
CATEGORY
ITEM
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The Clearwater Traders Sales Order
Database (continued)
• Tables (continued): :
–
–
–
–
–
ORDER_LINE
SHIPMENT
INVENTORY
SHIPMENT_LINE
COLOR
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Visual Representation of the
Clearwater Traders Database
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The Northwoods University Student
Registration Database
• Student registration system
• Data items consist of information about:
–
–
–
–
Students
Courses
Instructors
Student Enrollment
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The Northwoods University Student
Registration Database (continued)
• Tables:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LOCATION
FACULTY
STUDENT
TERM
COURSE
COURSE_SECTION
ENROLLMENT
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Visual Representation of the
Northwoods University Database
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Summary
• Relational databases
– Store data in tabular format
– Create relationships that link related data using key
columns
• Primary key
– Column that uniquely identifies specific record
• Foreign key
– Creates relationship between two tables
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Summary (continued)
• Entity-relationship (ER) model
– Used to describe types of relationships between
entities
• Normalization process
– Used to determine which fields belong in which
tables
• Database system consists of
– DBMS
– Database applications
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Summary (continued)
• Client/server databases divide database into
– Server process that runs on network server
– User application processes that run on individual
client workstations
• Oracle 10g is a client/server database
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