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Introduction to Anatomy
Objectives:

Define Anatomy

Identify the levels of organization

Anatomical and directional terminology to be used during
course

Review body cavities and lining membranes
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Anatomy

Is the study of structure of the body and the
relations among structures
Greek means to cut
 Latin means to dissect


Physiology is the study of function.

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Structure and function are inseparable.
Subdivision of Anatomy

Gross anatomy: the study of structures that can be dissected and
observed with the unaided eye or with a hand lens.

Topographical anatomy: the anatomy of one part in relation to
other parts of the body .

Applied anatomy: the practical application of such knowledge in
the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions

Neuroanatomy deals with connections of cells with CNS
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Subdivision of Anatomy

Cytology: deals with structure of individuals cells

Histology: is the study of organization of cells and
extracellualr material into complex tissue and organs

Embryology: examine the development of the adult
structure from fertilized ovum to birth
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Methods of studying Anatomy
1- Dissection of the fixed cadaver
remains the most important single method for examining the
organization of the body at the level of the naked eye
2- Surface anatomy: the observation of the intact body at
rest and in action
3- Endoscopy: the observation of some parts of living
body, such as stomach or knee joint, by means of
special instruments
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Methods of studying Anatomy
4- Organ imaging: is non destructive technique

Radiology


Ultrasound

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Carried out by a X ray
By the ultrasound waves
Levels of Organization:
COHN – 99.5%
99.9% =
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Vocabulary of the anatomy

Anatomy has a highly specialized vocabulary,
inherited from previous centuries; much of
Greek and Latin

Many of the words have precise meaning, and
their accurate use is important
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Vocabulary of the anatomy

If everyone uses the same terminology, then it is
easier to understand what each of us is trying to
say.
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Vocabulary of the anatomy



For the purpose of description, the body is considered
as being in what is called the. "anatomical position".
In this Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be
standing (animal stands on his four limbs, the feet
together, the head and eyes facing forwards and palms
of the hands facing downwards.
To ensure consistency of description it is important to
keep the anatomical position constantly in mind.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Terms that described the position of
one body part relative to another.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

PLANE: A surface, real or imaginary along which any two points
can be connected by a straight line.

Median Plane: Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into
equal right and left halves.

Sagittal Plane: Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to
the median plane.

Transverse Plane: Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right
angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a
part. Divides the body into cranial and caudal.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Dorsal Plane: Runs at right angles to the median
and transverse planes and thus divides the body
or head into dorsal and ventral portions.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back
and corresponding surface of the head, neck,
and tail;

VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly
and the corresponding surface of the head,
neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used
for the limbs.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median
plane.

LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther
from the median plane
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head; on the
limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus.
When referring to the head it is replaced by the term
rostral.

ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies
to the head only

CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail; on the
limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS




INTERNAL OR INNER: Close to, or in the
direction of the center of an organ, body cavity,
or structure.
EXTERNAL OR OUTER: Away from the center
of an organ or structure.
SUPERFICIAL: Relatively near the surface of the
body or the surface of a solid organ.
DEEP: Relatively near the center of the body or
the center of a solid organ.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

PROXIMAL: Relatively near the main mass or
origin; in the limbs and tail is the attached end.

DISTAL: Away from the main mass or origin; in
the limbs and tail is the free end.
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Basic Movements

FLEXION: The movement of one bone in
relation to another in such a manner that the
angle formed at their joint is reduced.

EXTENSI0N: The movement of one bone
upon another such that the angle formed at their
joint increases. The limb reaches out or is
extended
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Basic Movements

ABDUCTI0N: The movement of a part away
from the median plane.

ADDUCTI0N: The movement toward the
median plane.
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Major parts of the Body




Head
Fore limbs
Hind limbs
Trunk
Abdomen
 Thorax


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Diaphragm
Fig 1.14
Body Cavities
Dorsal
Ventral
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