工业能源效率：
国际最好实践的案例
Industrial Energy Efficiency:
Examples of International Best Practices
July 10-11, 2008
2008年7月10-11日
Lynn Price
环境能源技术室
美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
工业领域的重要性
Importance of Industrial Sector
• 全球范围内，工业领域占全球总能耗和与之相关的CO2排放量的
37%。
Globally, the industrial sector accounts for 37% of energy use
and energy-related CO2 emissions
• 这一比重在发展中国家更高，因为这些国家的基础设施建设和城
市化进程对工业原料的需求更大。
Share is higher in developing countries, where infrastructure
construction and urbanization places heavy demands on
industrial materials
• 取决于定义的不同，中国的工业领域占了全国总能耗的60%到
70%。
Depending upon how it is defined, industrial sector in China
accounts for 60% to 70% of all energy consumption
2
工业领域的重要性
Importance of Industrial Sector
全球一次能源用量（分产业）, 1971-2004
Global Primary Energy Use by Sector, 1971-2004
500
450
一次能源 (EJ) Primary Energy (EJ)
400
工业 Industry
1971
40%
2004
37%
交通 Transport
18%
22%
民用建筑 Residential Buildings
商用建筑 Commercial Buildings
农业 Agriculture
30%
9%
3%
28%
11%
3%
350
300
250
农业 Agriculture
200
商用建筑 Commercial Buildings
民用建筑 Residential Buildings
150
交通 Transport
工业 Industry
100
50
0
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
来源: de la Rue du Can 和 Price, 2008; Price et al., 2006, 根据IEA数据。 一次能源包括用于生产电和热的能源。也包括生物质能源。Primary
energy includes energy used to produce electricity and heat. Biomass energy included.
3
工业领域的重要性
Importance of Industrial Sector
100%
90%
占一次能耗总量的比重
Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
商用建筑 Commercial Buildings
民用建筑 Residential Buildings
交通 Transport
工业 Industry
20%
10%
0%
世界 World
美国 US
中国 China
加州 California
注：此处工业包括农业用能。
来源：de la Rue du Can 和 Price, 2008; Murtishaw et al., 2005; Price et al., 2006; 美国EIA, 2007; 中国国家统计局, 2005
4
环境挑战
The Environmental Challenge
• 大规模的工业生产和高能耗造成了严重的环境污染
High levels of industrial production and energy use can
have serious environmental consequences including:
• 空气污染 air pollution
• 水污染 water pollution
• 工业废物 industrial waste
• 温室气体排放带来的全球气候的变暖
greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global
warming
• 不挖掘提高能效的潜力也相当于造成经济损失
Untapped potential energy efficiency improvements also
represent economic losses
• 能效的提高将减少污染物的排放和节约成本。
Improved energy efficiency will reduce many of these
emissions and save money
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如何降低工业能耗
How to Reduce Industrial Energy Use
• 转向能耗较低的产业 Shift to Less-Intensive Industries
— 在工业化阶段，这一措施难以执行 Difficult during
industrialization phase
— 中国已是“世界工厂” China is “world’s factory”
• 改善工业基础 Improve Industrial Base
— 新设施：设计标准（执行力是关键）
— New facilities: design standards (enforcement is important)
— 现有设施：更新老旧的，低效的设备，淘汰效率最低的设备设施
— Existing facilities: replace old, inefficient equipment, close down
most inefficient facilities
• 所需条件：Requires:
— 新的，高效的技术 New, efficient technologies
• 可从国外引进或运用国内技术 Import or produce domestically
— 创新的，有效的政策和方案
— Innovative and effective policies and programs
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工业能源效率政策和方案
Industrial Energy Efficiency Policies and Programs
重点政策和方案 Key Policies and Programs
• 法规/标准 Regulation/Standards
• 能源或CO2税收政策 Energy or CO2 Taxes
• 排放交易方案 Emissions Trading
• 协议/目标 Agreements/Targets
• 金融支持和奖励 Financial Assistance and Incentives
• 基准 Benchmarking
• 审计/评估 Audits/Assessments
• 报告 Reporting
• 信息传播和示范 Information Dissemination and Demonstration
• 政府和公众的认可 Government and Public Recognition
最有效的方案是将以上大部分要素都结合的方案。
Most effective programs are those that combine many of these elements
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工业能源效率政策和方案
Industrial Energy Efficiency Policies and Programs
国际案例
International Examples
• 荷兰长期能效协议
• Netherlands Long-Term Agreements
• 英国气候变化税和气候变化协议
• UK Climate Change Levy and Climate Change Agreements
• 美国工业能源之星
• U.S. Energy Star for Industry
• 美国能源部工业技术项目
• U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program
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荷兰 -长期能效协议
Netherlands Long-Term Agreements
目标：在1989到2000年，工业能效提高20%
Goal: increase industrial energy efficiency by 20% between
1989 and 2000
• 可行的能效改进措施
• Inventory of viable energy-efficiency improvement measures
• 签署目标设置协议
• Target-setting agreements signed
• 开发节能计划
• Energy Savings Plan developed
• 年度监测
• Annual monitoring
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荷兰 -长期能效协议
Netherlands Long-Term Agreements
政策和方案的支持
Supporting Policies and Programs
• 补贴
• Subsidies
• 投资能源减少交税
• Energy investment tax reduction
• 信息传播
• Information dissemination
• 能源设备审计
• Facility audits
• 环境准入的简化手续
• Simplified procedure for environmental permits
• 能源政策的一致性和对项目的保护
• Consistency in and protection from new energy regulation in
industry
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荷兰 -长期能效协议
Netherlands Long-Term Agreements
Iron & Steel
Target
Actual
Cement
Paper
Chemicals
Glass
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
% 提高的能效，1989-2000
% improvement in energy efficiency, 1989-2000
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30%
结果 Results:
• 实现整体节能22.3%
• Overall energy efficiency
savings of 22.3% realized
• 每减少一吨CO2，政府的成本
为10-20美元，这个差别取决于
补贴的成本是否包括在内。
• Cost to government of program
was $10-20/tCO2 saved,
depending upon whether full
costs of all subsidies are
included
• 工业实现每年节约能源成本约6
亿5千万美元
• Industry realizing ~$650 M per
year in reduced energy costs
英国气候变化协议
UK Climate Change Agreements
目标：到2010年降低20%的CO2排放量（1990年的基线）
Goal: 20% CO2 emissions reduction by 2010 (1990 baseline)
• 气候变化税：对能源的征税（包括天然气，煤，液化气和电）
• Climate Change Levy: tax on energy (natural gas, coal, LPG,
electricity)
• 如果公司同意并且实现降低温室气体排放量的目标后，公司的气候
变化税将会有80%的折扣 。
• Companies that agree to and achieve GHG emissions reduction
targets receive an 80% Climate Change Levy discount
• 如果公司没有加入此协议，没有达到减排目标，则必须缴纳100%的
能源税。
• Company that does not enter into an agreement that does not
reach its target, must pay 100% of the energy tax
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英国气候变化协议
UK Climate Change Agreements
政策和方案的支持
Supporting Policies and Programs
• 碳信托基金会：是一个独立的机构，促进降低工业中的碳排放和商业发展。
通过实地考察指导公司，并向提高能效的项目提供信息和低成本的贷款。
Carbon Trust: an independent body to promote carbon reductions in
industry and commerce, advises industry through site visits, provides
information and low costs loans for energy efficiency projects
• 加强资本免税额计划：如公司购买节能设备（在政府制定的具体名单上），
则可在进行投资的当年，在这一支出上获得100%的免税。
Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme: Business can claim 100% tax
allowances on their capital spending on specified energy saving equipment
against their taxable profits for the year during which they make the
investment
• 国内排放交易计划 Domestic Emissions Trading Scheme
• 对能效政策的“轻触摸” “Light Touch” on energy efficiency regulation
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英国气候变化协议
UK Climate Change Agreements
结果 Results:
• 2001-2002：目标为600万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO2
2001-2002: target 6.0 MtCO2, actual reductions of 16.4 MtCO2
•
2003-2004：目标为550万吨CO2,实际降低1440万吨CO2。
2003-2004: target 5.5 MtCO2, actual reductions of 14.4 MtCO2
•
2005-2006：目标为910万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO2。
2005-2006: target 9.1 MtCO2, actual reductions 16.4 MtCO2
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•
这比预期要好，是因为工业领域低估了他们能够通过提高能耗实现的减排量。
Sectors did better than expected because industry underestimated what they could
achieve via energy efficiency
•
工业能够实现每年节约8亿3千2百万美元，是因为达到了英国气候变化协议的目标。此外，
还有通过气候变化税所实现的节能。
Industry is saving over $832 M/year on the energy it has not bought as a result of meeting
the CCA targets, in addition to the savings on the Climate Change Levy itself
美国EPA工业能源之星
U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry
• 美国政府部门的自愿项目，旨在通过提高能效，帮助生产商保护环境
Voluntary U.S. government program that helps manufacturers protect
the environment through superior energy efficiency
• 超过450合作公司，涉及工业各个领域
Over 450 partner companies in a wide range of industries
• 为能源管理者提供能源管理信息
Provides energy management resources for energy managers
• 促进信息共享、网络和共识
Promotes sharing of ideas, networking & recognition
• 能源指南－为企业和能源管理者提供技术评价报告
Energy Guidebooks - technical opportunities assessment report for
plant and energy managers
• 企业能源性能指标，以同能效进行对标
Energy performance indicator for enterprises to “benchmark” energy
efficiency
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美国EPA工业能源之星-能源指南
U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry - Energy Guides
•
•
•
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工业概况 Industry overview
工艺描述 Process description
能耗概要 Energy use summary
提高能效机会 Energy efficiency opportunities
— 技术或实践的简要概述 Brief overview of technology or practice
— 应用的局限性（如果有） Limitations on applicability (if any)
— 典型的节能量 Typical energy savings
— 典型的简单回收期 Typical simple payback period
— 工业实际应用的案例数据 Case study data from real-world industrial
applications
— 出版物未来信息的参考 References to further information in the public
domain
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美国EPA工业能源之星-能源指南
U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry - Energy Guides
•
主要为企业和能源管理者提供书面的材料
Written specifically for plant and energy managers
•
由工业专业人员和专家评审
Reviewed by industry professionals and experts
•
指南目标 Goals of the guides
•
减少信息障碍 Reduce information barriers
•
能源和节能量化 Quantify energy and savings
•
评价提高节能潜力机会的清单 Checklist of potential efficiency
opportunities to be evaluated
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•
成为所选择的措施进行更详细分析的起点 Starting point for more
•
detailed analysis of selected measures
突出工业成功的案例 Highlight industry success stories
工业能效技术和措施
Energy-Efficiency Technologies for Industry
• 美国EPA能源之星的工业项目
US EPA Energy Star for Industry Program (with # of
measures for each)
— 汽车装配：93
Auto assembly: 93
— 酿造：45
Breweries: 45
— 水泥：40
Cement: 40
— 玉米加工：95
Corn Refining: 95
— 食品加工：150 Food processing: 150
— 玻璃：114
Glass: 114
— 石化：100
Petrochemicals: 100
— 石油炼制：90
Petroleum refining: 90
— 医药：102
Pharmaceuticals: 102
— 纸浆和造纸（在进行中） Pulp and Paper (ongoing)
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美国能源部工业技术项目
U.S. DOE Industrial Technologies Program
•
•
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能源审计：“现在节能项目”
Energy Audits: Save Energy Now Program
— 完成543个评价项目543 assessments completed
— 到2008年6月2日，452家工厂的报告如下：
As of June 2, 2008, 452 plants have reported the following:
• 确定的节约能源成本：超过7亿6千6百万美元
Identified energy cost savings: more than $766 million
• 实施的节能：超过1亿1千3百万美元
Implemented energy savings: more than $113 million
• 正在进行中的或预计中的节能措施：超过3亿6百万美元
Energy savings measures underway or scheduled: more than $305
million
• 每个审计所达到的节能：250万美元
Amount saved per audit $2.5 million
• 总共降低潜在的CO2排放量：660万吨， 相当于120万辆车的排放量
Total potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction:
6.6 million metric tons—the equivalent to taking nearly 1.2 million
cars off the road
工业(能源) 评估中心
U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Centers
• 由高校专家为基础组成的专业技术团队为符合条件的中小型企业提
供免费/无费能源评估服务
No-cost assessments provided to eligible small and mid-size
plants by university-based teams
• 将能源、消耗和生产能力相结合考虑，制定解决方案
Integrated approach considers energy, waste, and productivity
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工业(能源) 评估中心
U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Centers
• 依托公认的工程学院建立了26个评估中心
26 centers located at accredited engineering schools
• 技术团队由教师和学生组成
Assessment teams include faculty and students
• 评估工作通常需要实施为期一天的现场访问
Assessments usually entail a one-day site visit
• 为学生提供良好的锻炼机会
Good training for students
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美国能源部能源工具
U.S. Department of Energy Tools
• Model the supply-side of a
utility systems to identify
efficiency improvement
opportunities
• Use plant-specific data
• Evaluate the operational costs
for various equipment
configurations and system
profiles
• Provide estimates of potential
savings gained from selected
energy efficiency measures
and calculates the associated
simple payback periods
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• 电力系统需求侧管理模式，以确
定提高能效机会
• 使用工厂自己的数据
• 评价不同设备和系统状况的运行
成本
• 提供预测的不同能效措施的节能
潜力和计算相关的简单回收期
美国能源部的能源工具
U.S. Department of Energy Tools
— AIRMaster+
— Combined Heat and
Power (CHP)
— Fan System Assessment
Tool (FSAT)
— MotorMaster+
— NOx and Energy
Assessment (NxEAT)
— Process Heating
Assessment and Survey
Tool (PHAST)
— Quick Plant Energy
Profiler (PEP)
— Steam Systems
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— AIRMaster+
— 热电联产
— 风机系统评价工具
— 电机
— 氮氧化物和能源评价
— 工艺热评价和调查工具
— 快速了解企业能源概况
— 蒸汽系统
荷兰能源环境署：中国的范例？
SenterNovem: Model for China?
•
•
•
•
•
•
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荷兰能源环境署是一个政府机构，它的目标是将政府政策转化为实际结果
SenterNovem is a government agency whose goal is to convert government
policy into reality
一个重点领域就是能源和气候变化
One area of concentration is Energy and Climate Change
所提供的服务有：
Services:
— 获得并传播知识
Acquiring and disseminating knowledge
— 建设并维护知识网络
Building and maintaining knowledge networks
— 监测
Monitoring
— 开发政策工具
Developing policy instruments
— 为政策及其执行提供建议 Advising on policy and implementation
— 实施补贴计划
Implementing subsidy schemes
荷兰能源环境署：中国的范例？
SenterNovem: Model for China?
•
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•
项目 Projects:
— 在中型和小型企业中进行对标和能源管理计划
— Benchmarking and Energy Management Schemes in Small and MediumSized Enterprises
— 传播 “电动机挑战计划” 的结果
— Dissemination Results of the Motor Challenge Programme
— 监督长期能效协议的执行 Overseeing the Long-Term Agreements
• 列出能效技术的名单 Energy-efficient technologies list
• 帮助制定节能计划
Assistance developing Energy Conservation Plans
• 构建客户群体和知识网络 User groups and knowledge networks
• 提供软件支持工具
Software support tools
• 扩展主题：能效产品（包括生命周期）及纳入可回收能源
• Expansion themes: energy-efficient products (including life cycle) and
incorporation of renewable energy
— 能源管理系统
— Energy Management Systems
建议
Recommendations
• 在提高工业能效方面，继续建立具有激励机制的政策和方案
• Continue to establish policies and programs that provide incentives
for industrial energy efficiency
— 差别定价，节能奖励，促销活动等
— Differential pricing, energy-saving rewards, promotions, etc.
— 考虑对燃料或电进行收费，为能效改进项目提供资金
— Consider fuel or electricity charges to generate funds for energy
efficiency programs
— 新的想法可以在省级政策和项目上进行试点
— Provincial-level policies and programs can be pilots for new ideas
•
•
•
•
26
扩大能源审计和能源对标的容量和范围
Expand capacity for energy auditing and benchmarking
促进推广能源管理系统的使用
Promote the use of energy management systems
建议
Recommendations
•
•
•
•
•
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为工业能源效率建立一个集中的信息和培训中心
Establish a centralized source of information and training for industrial energy efficiency
— 吸纳国际经验，案例和工具
— Incorporate international experience, case studies, tools
— 传播国内（省级）经验和教训
— Spread domestic (provincial) experiences and lessons learned
— 开发利用针对具体领域的资源 Develop sector-specific resources
— 重点放在能量密集型及小型/中型企业上
— Focus on energy-intensive and small/medium sized enterprises
— 建立一个中文/英文网站，提供信息，介绍国际上在提高工业能效方面的经验
— Develop a Chinese/English-language website to provide information on international
experience with industrial energy efficiency
学习借鉴国际经验 Learn from international experience
— 进行相关的研究考察和交流活动 Conduct study tours and exchanges
— 在中国国内，通过国际项目进行合作 Coordinate with international programs within
China
告诉世界中国的经历和所取得的成就
Inform the world about China’s experience and accomplishments
资料
Resources
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•
荷兰能源环境署（SenterNovem） The Netherlands’s SenterNovem Agency
for Energy and Environment http://www.senternovem.nl/english/index.asp
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英国碳基金 UK’s Carbon Trust http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/energy
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美国环保局工业能源之星 US EPA’s Energy Star for Industry
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=industry.bus_industry
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美国能源部工业技术最佳实践项目 U.S. DOE Office of Industrial
Technologies Best Practice Program
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/
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美国能源部“现在节能”项目 U.S. DOE’s Save Energy Now
www.eere.energy.gov/industry/saveenergynow
•
美国能源部工业评价中心数据库 U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Center
(IAC) database http://www.iac.rutgers.edu/database/
联系信息
For Further Information
LBNL中国能源与环境研究网址：
LBNL China Group Website:
http://china.lbl.gov
LBNL工业终端用能分析网址：
LBNL Industrial End Use Analysis Website:
http://industrial-energy.lbl.gov/
Lynn Price
中国能源与环境研究
能源分析处， 环境能源技术室
劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室
China Energy Group
Energy Analysis Department
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90R4000
Berkeley, CA 94720
510-486-6519
LKPrice@lbl.gov
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