A Simple Applet
Applets and applications
• An applet is a Java program that runs on a web
page
– Applets can be run from:
• Internet Explorer
• Netscape Navigator (sometimes)
• appletviewer
• An application is a Java program that runs all by
itself
Packages and classes
• Java supplies a huge library of pre-written “code,”
ready for you to use in your programs
• Code is organized into classes
• Classes are grouped into packages
• One way to use this code is to import it
• You can import a single class, or all the classes in a
package
The Applet class
• To create an applet, you must import the Applet
class
– This class is in the java.applet package
• The Applet class contains code that works with a
browser to create a display window
• Capitalization matters!
– applet and Applet are different names
Importing the Applet class
• Here is the directive that you need:
import java.applet.Applet;
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import is a keyword
java.applet is the name of the package
A dot ( . ) separates the package from the class
Applet is the name of the class
There is a semicolon ( ; ) at the end
The java.awt package
• “awt” stands for “Abstract Window Toolkit”
• The java.awt package includes classes for:
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Drawing lines and shapes
Drawing letters
Setting colors
Choosing fonts
• If it’s drawn on the screen, then java.awt is
probably involved!
Importing the java.awt package
• Since you may want to use many classes from the
java.awt package, simply import them all:
import java.awt.*;
• The asterisk, or star (*), means “all classes”
• The import directives can go in any order, but
must be the first lines in your program
C and C++ programmers only
• C and C++ have an #include directive that copies a
library function into your program
• This makes your program bigger
• Java’s import gives you access to the library
• It does not make your program bigger
• It’s OK to use lots of include directives!
The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
Comments
• A comment adds information for the reader
• Java ignores everything inside comments
• There are three kinds of comments:
// starts a comment that goes to the end of the line
/* starts a comment that can extend over many
lines, and ends at */
/** is a “javadoc” comment that can be extracted
from your program and used in documentation */
Classes
• In Java, all code occurs in classes
– Except for the package and import directives
– We will talk about package some day
• The code that you import is in classes
• Your code will also be in classes
• For now, a class is a bundle of code
– We will talk about what it really is very soon
Your first class
public class Drawing extends Applet {
…the code for your class goes in here…
}
• public says your class is not hidden
– This makes your class visible to BlueJ
– We will talk later about why we hide code
• class says we are making a class (Duh!)
Your first class, part 2
public class Drawing extends Applet {
… }
• Drawing is the name of your class
– Class names should always be capitalized
• extends Applet says that our Drawing is a kind of
Applet, but with added capabilities
– Java’s Applet just makes an empty window
– We are going to draw in that window
Your first class, part 3
public class Drawing extends Applet {
…the code for your class goes in here…
}
• The braces, { }, mark the beginning and ending of
your code
The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
…we still need to put some code in here...
}
Methods
• A method is a group of commands that tell the
computer to do something
– C programmers: methods are similar to functions
• A method takes information in, does something
with it, and returns a result
– The input information is called the method’s parameters,
or arguments
– The result is just called a result
The paint method
• Our applet is going to have a method to paint
some colored rectangles on the screen
• This method must be named paint
• paint needs to be told where on the screen it can
draw
– this will be the only parameter it needs
• paint doesn’t return any result
The paint method, part 2
public void paint(Graphics g) { … }
• public says that anyone can use this method
• void says that it does not return a result
• paint is the name of the method
• The argument (there’s only one) is inside
parentheses
• The method’s commands are inside braces
By the way…names
• ( ) are parentheses
• { } are braces
• [ ] are brackets
The paint method, part 3
public void paint(Graphics g) { … }
• A Graphics is something that holds information
about a painting
– It remembers what color you are using
– It remembers what font you are using
– You can “paint” on it, and it remembers what you have
painted
Classes and objects
• A class is a description of some objects
• An object is a member of a class
– The type of an object is the class it belongs to
– Classes are more abstract than objects
• If I have a dog named Fido, I can’t pet “dog,” but I
can pet “Fido”
– Fido is an object of type Dog
The paint method, part 4
public void paint(Graphics g) { … }
• g is the parameter, or argument
– we could use any name we wanted for it
– but it should not begin with a capital letter
• The type of a name tells what kind of thing the name
refers to
• Graphics g says g is an object of type Graphics
• We can paint on g
The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
…we still need to put some code in here…
}
}
Colors
• The java.awt package defines a class named Color
• There are 13 predefined colors--here are their fully-qualified
names:
Color.BLACK
Color.DARK_GRAY
Color.GRAY
Color.LIGHT_GRAY
Color.WHITE
Color.PINK
Color.RED
Color.ORANGE
Color.YELLOW
Color.MAGENTA
Color.GREEN
Color.CYAN
Color.BLUE
• For compatibility with older programs (before the naming
conventions were established), Java also allows color
names in lowercase: Color.black, Color.darkGray, etc.
New colors
• Every color is a mix of red, green, and blue
• You can make your own colors:
new Color( red , green , blue )
• Amounts range from 0 to 255
• Black is (0, 0, 0), white is (255, 255, 255)
• We are mixing lights, not pigments
• Yellow is red + green, or (255, 255, 0)
Setting a color
• To use a color, we tell our Graphics g what color
we want:
g.setColor(Color.RED);
• g will remember this color and use it for
everything until we tell it some different color
The paint method so far
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
…draw a rectangle…
g.setColor(Color.RED);
…draw another rectangle…
}
}
Pixels
• A pixel is a picture (pix) element
– one pixel is one dot on your screen
– there are typically 72 to 90 pixels per inch
• java.awt measures everything in pixels
Java’s coordinate system
(0, 0)
(50, 0)
(0, 20)
(50, 20)
(w-1, h-1)
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Java uses an (x, y) coordinate system
(0, 0) is the top left corner
(50, 0) is 50 pixels to the right of (0, 0)
(0, 20) is 20 pixels down from (0, 0)
(w - 1, h - 1) is just inside the bottom right corner, where w
is the width of the window and h is its height
Drawing rectangles
• There are two ways to draw rectangles:
• g.drawRect( left , top , width , height );
• g.fillRect(left , top , width , height );
The complete applet
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
// CIT 591 example
public class Drawing extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.fillRect(20, 20, 50, 30);
g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.fillRect(50, 30, 50, 30);
}
}
Some more java.awt methods
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g.drawLine( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 );
g.drawOval( left , top , width , height );
g.fillOval( left , top , width , height );
g.drawRoundRect( left , top , width , height );
g.fillRoundRect( left , top , width , height );
g.drawArc( left , top , width , height ,
startAngle , arcAngle );
Drawing Strings
• A String is a sequence of characters enclosed in
double quote marks
– "Hello, World!"
• A double quote mark in a String must be preceded
by a backslash ( \ )
– "He said, \"Please don't go.\""
• g.drawString( string , x , y );
The End