‘Good Practices’ Related to Access to
Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
Consultation with Bilateral Development Agencies on Good Practices
– Drinking Water, Sanitation and Human Rights –
May 20-21, 2010, Lisbon
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
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Good Practices
Case i : India
- Urban water supply and sanitation in
Bangalore
Case ii : Senegal
- Rural water supply and sanitation
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Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Outreach to the urban poor
by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project
with Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
(BWSSB)
Served Population : 7 million
Present supply : 900 MLD
<Scope of Works>
(1) Construction of
water supply and
sewerage facilities
(2) Management
improvement
(3) Slum development
100km
Intake
WTP
Water supply system in Bangalore
(Cauvery Water Supply Scheme)
Project Name
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Bangalore Water Supply and
Sewerage Project
Bangalore Water Supply and
Sewerage Project (II-1)
Bangalore Water Supply and
Sewerage Project (II-2)
Total
Date of approval
Amount of approval
(millions; JPY)
1996/1/25
28,452
2005/3/31
41,997
2006/3/31
28,358
98,807
Scale of the project
Water Supply
Sewerage
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Indicator
for Stage II
2003
(Baseline)
2015
(Target)
Total population served
4.016 million
7.42 million
810,000
1,310,000
66.5
95
Total population served
3.19 million
7.02 million
Amount of wastewater
treated (m3/d)
408,000
1,111,000
Percentage of
population served (%)
53
90
Amount of water
supply (m3/d)
Percentage of
population served (%)
Outreach to the urban poor: From pilot to scale-up
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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[Original condition]
 10 to 15 % of city's population live in slums.
 Total number of slums is over 500.
 70% of slums do not have satisfactory access to
water and sanitation.
 Significant service level gap: Crowded public taps,
long time for fetching water, high cost to buy
water from private vendors, health risk, etc.
Pilot Project by BWSSB with AusAID in three
slums (2000-02)
Scale-up by Japanese financial cooperation
Innovative approach in the pilot project
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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☹ Property document / lease deed required
☹ Application for new connection at BWSSB offices
only
Before
☹ High connection charge : Rs. 1,800 (USD 36)
☹ High minimum tariff : Rs. 105 (USD 2.10) per month
☺ Property documents not required; ration card or
voter’s ID Card is acceptable
☺ Application available at door step simply
☺ Connection charge reduced to Rs. 550 (US$ 11), After
allowing installment payment, based on
Willingness to Pay survey
☺ Minimum tariff reduced to Rs. 73 (USD 1.46) per
month and new tariff slab at lowest consumption
reduced from 15 m3 to 8 m3
Scale up with Japanese yen loan
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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☺ Cover 360 slums in the city with individual/ shared
metered connections
☺ Sewage connection and disposal
☺ Rs. 400 million (US$ 8 Million) allocated for capital
investment
☺ Partnership with NGOs and CBOs through Social
Development Unit of BWSSB
☺ Participation of slum dwellers including women
☺ Inclusive implementing structure
☺ 120 slums will be taken up in first phase (2010)
☺ Balance will be taken up thereafter (2010-2011)
Inclusive implementing structure
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Project Coordinating Committee
- Senior level representative from institutions covering
diversified stakeholders
 Urban Development Department
 Housing Department
 Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
 Bangalore City Corporation
 Karnataka Slum Clearance Board
 NGO representatives
 CBO / WATSAN Committee representatives (woman
representative should be included)
WATSAN Committee
- Formulated in each slum to be in charge of operation
and maintenance of water supply and sewerage
facilities
Implementation process of slum
development component
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Preparation Stage
 Assignment of Social
Development Unit staff
 Training
 Stakeholder partnership
building
 Selection of consultants
Planning Stage
 Preparation of detailed
implementation plan
 Project Coordinating Committee
 Selection of partner NGOs
 MOU between BWSSB, NGO and
community
 Social survey of slums
Follow-up Stage
Execution Stage
 Establishment of billing
system and revenue
collection
 Proper maintenance and
reporting from WATSAN
committee to BWSSB
 Setup of WATSAN committee
 Feasibility assessment
 Detailed design
 Tender, contract, construction
 Commissioning
 Collection of connection charge
 Trial run
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Availability
 Ensuring enough service availability by
construction of backbone infrastructure
 Water supply service improved from every
second day to everyday
 Water consumption increased from 74.5
liter/capita/day to 120 liter/capita/day
Accessibility
 From public tap to house connection
Affordability
 Reduction of connection charge and water
tariff for slum dwellers to affordable level
based on Willingness to Pay survey
Quality /
Safety
 Everyday check of water quality by BWSSB
and cross-check by independent laboratories
every month
Acceptability
 Design of water supply and sewerage
facilities is decided to be fit into the needs of
each slum after the detailed social survey;
public washing space, public toilet, shared
connection, bulk meter supply, etc.
Case i
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in India
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Nondiscrimination
 Ensuring equity in access to the entire
population irrespective of caste, class and
gender
Participation
 Inclusive participation of stakeholders
including slum dwellers by Project
Coordinating Committee and WATSAN
Committee
Accountability
 Clear setup of implementing structure
 Monitoring and reporting by WATSAN
Committee
Impact
 Covering 360 slums in the city
Sustainability
 Scope of Works also includes management
improvement of BWSSB such as reduction
of NRW, enhancement of customer relations
and human resources development to
ensure sustainability.
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Inclusive Community Participation
by the Project on the Safe Water and Support of
Community Activities
with Ministry of Hydraulics in Senegal
<Scope of Works>
(1) Construction of water supply systems
(2) Improvement of maintenance system
(3) Support for sanitation improvement and awareness
activities
(4) Promotion of
community activities
Hand pump
Piped water supply system with electric pump
Institutional Framework
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Community participation through ASUFOR (Association des
Usagers de Forage) under the National Policy (PEPAM 2015：
Programme d’eau potable et d’assainnisment du millenaire)
 Operation and maintenance by community through
ASUFOR
 Water sale by volume
 Transparent management of water supply systems
Before 1996
☹ O&M by the state
☹ Lump sum payment of water fees
☹ No transparency
☹ No bank account
☹ No management documents
☹ Conflicts between users and
leaders
☹ Frequent interruptions of system
operation due to lack of fuel
After 1996
☺ Sharing of maintenance and
renewal cost by the state and the
users
Water sale by volume
Possibility to apply for a credit
Involvement of the private
sector in the management and
maintenance of stations
☺
☺
☺
Facilities Improvement
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Financial assistance (grant aid)
 Installation and rehabilitation of water supply facilities
(120 locations)
 Hand pumps / Piped water supply systems with electric
pumps
 Strengthening of repair centers
 Providing access to safe water for more than 350,000
villagers
Capacity Development for ASUFOR
Activity 1
Establishment of
maintenance system
Activity 2
Proper management of
committees
Stable safe water
supply
Activity 4
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Community Development
Activity 3
Appropriate use of
water
ACTIVITY 1 : Technical Maintenance
Training and
retraining of
borehole operators
Construction of 3
training centres
Installation of
water meters
- Preparation of specific technical documents and operation
guidelines for each station
- Inventory of all the maintenance companies in the region
- Conclusion of 16 maintenance contracts between the
ASUFORs and local private companies
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ACTIVITY 2 : Organizing the Users
General assembly
Executive committee
Executive board
- Acceptance of water sale by volume and saving in
preparation for repair
- Involvement of the various categories of users and
strengthening of ethnic intermingling and social cohesion
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- Democracy and transparency in management (election
of board and committee members every 2 years,
accounting audit, two bank accounts for daily operation
cost and reserve for repair respectively, etc.)
ACTIVITY 3 : Appropriate use of water
Operation guidelines for
groundwater monitoring
Water saving
irrigation techniques
Sensitisation on
hygiene and water
related diseases
- Improvement of hygiene and awareness of the risk of water
related diseases
- Use of water saving irrigation techniques like drip Irrigation
- Monitoring of groundwater resources: quality and quantity
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ACTIVITY 4 : Community development
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Market gardening
Forage growing
Poultry houses
Cattle feeding
- Introduction of income generating activities, contributing to
poverty reduction and empowerment of the communities
Inclusive approach to community
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Project manuals and documents are translated into local
languages.
Picture-story show and audio-visual aids are used.
Equal involvement of all existing ethnic groups is promoted.
Inclusion of users living outside the limits of the water
supply system’s network
Involvement of women
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Social and gender survey at project sites
Willingness of participation by women was confirmed.
Training to government staff on gender consideration
Meeting time, place and timing conducive to women’s
participation
Half of ASUFOR executive board members and 1/3 of
executive committee members should be women.
Attendance rate of women were monitored.
Participation to discussion and
decision making
Improvement of transparency
Enhancement of information
disclosure
Access to sanitation
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Awareness campaign for
 Necessity of using safe water
 Effect of unhygienic condition and polluted water
 Sanitation
 Appropriate method of water storage and usage at
household
 Keeping hygienic living environment, etc.
Construction of latrine
Capacity development of all levels

Central
Government


Local branches

Local centers

Communities

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Strengthening of government
staff’s capacity in ASUFOR
animation through training, OJT,
coordination, etc.
Establishment and strengthening
of ASUFOR at community level
Training of focal points for
hygiene education
For latrine construction, local
contractors capacity are
improved and village people get
household latrines constructed
without any form of financial
support
Capacity building for area
mechanics
Establish inclusive network
among ASUFOR, administrative
agencies and private sectors
Donor coordination
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Availability
 Ensuring enough service availability by
construction of water supply facilities
 Water supply service for everyday
 35 liter/capita/day
Accessibility
 Within 250m to public tap
 Considering access of satellite villages
(involvement of satellite villagers to
ASUFOR, pipe extension, water station for
water cart)
Affordability
 Setting water tariff to affordable level
based on discussion in each community
Quality /
Safety
 Providing safe groundwater complying
with national standard based on WHO
guideline
Acceptability  Following local design standard decided
by the Senegalese government
 Water point for livestock animals
Case ii
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Senegal
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Nondiscrimination
 Ensuring equity in access to the entire
population irrespective of ethnic group and
gender
 Election of board and committee members
Participation
 Inclusive participation of community
including women by ASUFOR
Accountability
 Water sales by volume
 Information disclosure to community
 Using bank account and accounting audit
 Monitoring and reporting
Impact
 Providing access to safe water for more
than 350,000 villagers
 Community empowerment
Sustainability
 Alignment to the national policy
 Established ASUFOR model
 Dissemination to other villages by the
Senegalese government started.
 Awareness and activity level of ASUFOR
varies in different villages.
THANK YOU
Contact: Shigeyuki MATSUMOTO
Matsumoto.Shigeyuki@jica.go.jp
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