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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Paths to War
Section 2 The Course of World War II
Section 3 The New Order and the
Holocaust
Section 4 The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Key Events
As you read this chapter, look for the key
events in the history of World War II. 
• Adolf Hitler’s philosophy of Aryan
superiority led to World War II in Europe
and was also the source of the
Holocaust. 
• Two separate and opposing alliances,
the Allies and the Axis Powers, waged
a worldwide war. 
• World War II left lasting impressions on
civilian populations.
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The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time
period still impact our lives today. 
• By the end of World War II, the balance
of power had shifted away from Europe. 
• Germany and Japan’s search for
expanded “living space” is comparable
to nations fighting over borders today. 
• Atomic weapons pose a threat to all
nations.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to: 
• identify the steps taken by Germany and
Japan that led to the beginning of World
War II. 
• describe the successes of Germany and
Japan in the early years of the war. 
• list the major events of the last years of
the war.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
• explain the causes and results of the
Holocaust. 
• explain the conditions of the peace
settlement and the ways in which the
peace settlement led to the Cold War.
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Paths to War
Main Ideas
• Adolf Hitler’s theory of Aryan racial domination
laid the foundation for aggressive expansion
outside of Germany. 
• The actions and ambitions of Japan and Germany
paved the way for the outbreak of World War II. 
Key Terms
• demilitarized 
• sanction
• appeasement 
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Paths to War
People to Identify
• Adolf Hitler 
• Joseph Stalin 
• Benito Mussolini 
• Chiang Kai-shek 
Places to Locate
• Rhineland 
• Manchukuo
• Sudetenland 
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Paths to War
Preview Questions
• What agreement was reached at the Munich
Conference? 
• Why did Germany believe it needed more land?
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Paths to War
Preview of Events
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Japan’s policy of expansion during the
1930s was the direct result of its poor
economic geography, or the economic
resources contained within a region or
nation. Japan’s goal to become a great
power was seriously limited by this reality.
Fortunately, post–World War II Japan
solved this problem through exports. The
revenues from exporting goods have been
successfully used to buy natural resources
on the world market.
The German Path to War
• Adolf Hitler believed that Germany could
build a great civilization. 
• To do this, Germany needed more land to
support more German people. 
• He wanted lands in the east in the Soviet
Union and prepared for war. 
• His plan was to use the land for German
settlements. 
• The Slavic people would become slaves.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• Hitler proposed that Germany be able to
revise the unfair provisions of the Treaty of
Versailles that had ended World War I. 
• At first he said he would use peaceful
means. 
• However, in March of 1935, he created a
new air force and began a military draft.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• France, Great Britain, and Italy
condemned Hitler’s moves. 
• Due to problems at home caused by the
Great Depression, however, they were
not prepared to take action. 
• Hitler became convinced that the Western
states would not stop him from breaking
the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• In March of 1936, Hitler sent German
troops into the Rhineland, which was
supposed to be a demilitarized area. 
• France would not oppose Germany
for this treaty violation without British
support. 
• Great Britain saw Hitler’s actions as
reasonable and therefore did not call
for a military response.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• This was the beginning of the policy of
appeasement, one based on the belief
that if European states satisfied the
reasonable demands of dissatisfied
states, the dissatisfied states would be
content, and peace would be preserved.
(pages 809–812)
The German Path to War (cont.)
• Hitler gained new allies. 
• Benito Mussolini was the Fascist leader
of Italy. 
• He invaded Ethiopia in 1935 with the
support of German troops. 
• In 1936, both Italy and Germany sent
troops to Spain to support General
Francisco Franco.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• Later in the year, Hitler and Mussolini
became allies and formed the RomeBerlin Axis. 
• Germany also signed the Anti-Comintern
Pact with Japan forming an alliance
against communism.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• By 1937, Germany had become a very
powerful nation. 
• In 1938, Hitler pursued a long-held goal,
union with Austria, or Anschluss. 
• By threatening to invade Austria, Hitler
forced the Austrians to put Austrian Nazis
in charge of the government. 
• The new government then invited German
troops into Austria to “help” maintain
order. 
• Hitler then annexed Austria to Germany.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• In 1938, Hitler demanded that the
Sudetenland in northwestern
Czechoslovakia be given to Germany. 
• The British, French, Italian, and German
representatives then met in Munich. 
• Britain, France, and Italy gave in to all
of Hitler’s demands. 
• German troops were allowed into
Czechoslovakia.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• After the Munich Conference, the British
prime minister, Neville Chamberlain,
announced that the settlement meant
“peace for our time.” 
• He believed Hitler’s promises that
Germany would make no more demands. 
• After Munich, Hitler was even more
convinced that France and Great Britain
would not fight. 
• In March of 1939, Hitler invaded western
Czechoslovakia, and made a Nazi puppet
state out of Slovakia in eastern
Czechoslovakia.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• France and Great Britain began to react.
Great Britain said it would protect Poland
if Hitler invaded. 
• France and Britain began negotiations
with Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator. 
• They knew that they would need the
Soviet Union to help contain the Nazis.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• Hitler was afraid of an alliance between
the West and the Soviet Union. 
• In August of 1939, Germany and the
Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact. 
• They promised not to attack each other. 
• Hitler offered Stalin eastern Poland and
the Baltic states. 
• Hitler knew that eventually he would
break the pact. 
• However, it enabled him to invade Poland
without fear.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
• On September 1, Germany invaded
Poland. 
• Two days later, Great Britain and France
declared war on Germany.
(pages 809–812)
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The German Path to War (cont.)
Under what policy did Great Britain and
France allow Hitler to take the
Sudetenland? Describe the idea of the
policy and tell why it failed.
Appeasement: if European states
satisfied reasonable demands of
dissatisfied states, the dissatisfied states
would be content and peace would be
preserved; the policy failed because
Hitler could not be satisfied short of
conquering the world.
(pages 809–812)
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The Japanese Path to War
• In September 1931, Japanese soldiers
seized Manchuria. 
• The Japanese claimed that the Chinese
had attacked them. 
• In fact, the Japanese had staged the
attack themselves disguised as Chinese
soldiers. 
• When the League of Nations investigated
and condemned the attack, Japan
withdrew from the league. 
• For several years, Japan strengthened its
hold on Manchuria, which it renamed
Manchukuo.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• By the mid-1930s, militants had gained
control of Japanese politics. 
• The United States opposed the Japanese
takeover of Manchuria but did nothing to
stop it.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• Chiang Kai-shek tried to avoid a war with
Japan. 
• He was more concerned with the threat
from the Chinese Communists. 
• He tried to appease Japan by allowing the
Japanese to occupy parts of northern
China. 
• Japan moved steadily southward. 
• In December 1936, Chiang formed a
united front against the Japanese.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• In July 1937, the Chinese and Japanese
clashed south of Beijing. 
• The Japanese seized the capital of
Nanjing. 
• Chiang Kai-shek refused to surrender and
moved the capital.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• Japanese military leaders wanted to
establish a New Order in East Asia. 
• The order would include Japan,
Manchuria, and China. 
• The Japanese thought that, as the only
modernized country, they could guide
the other East Asian nations to prosperity.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• The Japanese planned to seize Soviet
Siberia. 
• During the 1930s, Japan began to
cooperate with Nazi Germany. 
• The Japanese thought that they and
Germany could defeat the Soviet Union
and divide its resources.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
forced the Japanese to rethink their goals. 
• The Japanese needed natural resources. 
• They looked to expand into Southeast Asia
for sources. 
• At the same time they knew that they
risked strong response from European
colonial powers and the United States. 
• They decided to take the risk.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• In 1940, the Japanese demanded the right
to exploit economic resources in French
Indochina. 
• The United States responded by imposing
economic sanctions, or restrictions on
trade that are intended to enforce
international law, unless Japan withdrew
to its borders of 1931.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
• The Japanese badly needed oil and scrap
iron from the United States. 
• The economic sanctions were a very
real threat. In the end, after long debate,
Japan decided to launch a surprise
attack on U.S. and European colonies
in Southeast Asia.
(pages 812–813)
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The Japanese Path to War (cont.)
What conflict led Japan to attack U.S. and
European colonies in Southeast Asia?
The United States threatened economic sanctions
if Japan did not go back to its borders as of 1931.
The sanctions meant that the United States would
no longer supply Japan with scrap iron and oil,
which the Japanese badly needed. To withdraw,
however, meant that the Japanese would lose
access to raw materials in Southeast Asia, which
they also needed. Unable to resolve the dilemma,
the Japanese attacked.
(pages 812–813)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. eliminate or prohibit
weapons, fortifications, and
other military installations
__
A 2. satisfying demands of
dissatisfied powers in an
effort to maintain peace
and stability
__
C 3. a restriction intended to
enforce international law
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A. appeasement
B. demilitarize
C. sanction
Checking for Understanding
Explain why Japan felt the need to
control other nations. Also explain the
dilemma facing Japan as it sought to
acquire access to needed resources.
Japan depended on foreign sources
for raw materials. Japan sought to
expand on the Asian mainland but
risked losing raw materials from the
United States if it did so.
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Checking for Understanding
List the reasons why Hitler’s pact with
Stalin was a key factor in forcing
Britain and France to declare war on
Germany.
Britain had offered to protect Poland
in the event of war. The pact between
Stalin and Hitler gave Hitler the
freedom to invade Poland.
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Critical Thinking
Explain In what sense was World
War II a product of World War I?
Analyzing Visuals
Analyze the illustration on page 810
of your textbook to determine what
opinion the artist had about Italy’s
alliance with Germany. What aspects of
the illustration indicate that its creator
and its publisher either did or did not
support Hitler’s relationship with
Mussolini and Italy?
The many Nazi flags in the
background make it appear that the
illustrator and publisher supported
Hitler’s relationship with Mussolini
and Italy.
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Close
Find examples in Section 1 of
countries forming alliances for their
common good. Make a chart of the
alliances made and the benefits
received by the countries involved.
The Course of World War II
Main Ideas
• The bombing of Pearl Harbor created a global
war between the Allied and the Axis forces. 
• Allied perseverance and effective military
operations, as well as Axis miscalculations,
brought an end to the war. 
Key Terms
• blitzkrieg 
• partisan
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The Course of World War II
People to Identify
• Franklin D. Roosevelt  • Winston Churchill 
• Douglas MacArthur 
• Harry S Truman 
Places to Locate
• Stalingrad 
• Normandy 
• Midway Island 
• Hiroshima
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The Course of World War II
Preview Questions
• Why did the United States not enter the war until
1941? 
• What major events helped to end the war in
Europe and Asia?
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The Course of World War II
Preview of Events
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Some historians think that Hitler was a
great military commander–for the Allies!
During the course of the war, he was
responsible for several major blunders.
For example, he seriously underestimated
the strength of the Soviet Union and made
a huge mistake by attacking. Prior to D-Day,
the Allies fooled Hitler into thinking
the invasion would be in Calais, which
weakened the German response.
Europe at War
• The 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany
took just four weeks. 
• The speed and efficiency of the German
army stunned the world. 
• Called blitzkrieg (“lightning war”), the
Germans used panzer divisions (strike
forces of about 300 tanks and soldiers)
that were supported by airplanes. 
• On September 28, 1939, Germany and
the Soviet Union divided Poland.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• In the spring of 1940, Hitler invaded
Denmark and Norway. 
• In May, Germany attacked the
Netherlands, Belgium, and France. 
• The German armies broke through
French lines and moved across northern
France. 
• The French had fortified their border with
Germany along the Maginot Line, but the
Germans surprised them by going
around it.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• The Germans trapped the entire British
army and French forces on the beaches
of Dunkirk. 
• The British navy and private boats were
able to evacuate 338,000 Allied troops,
barely averting a complete disaster.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• On June 22, the French signed an
armistice with the Germans, who occupied
three-fifths of France. 
• An authoritarian French regime under
German control was set up to govern the
rest of the country. 
• Led by Marshal Henri Pétain, it was
named Vichy France. 
• Germany now controlled western and
central Europe. 
• Only Britain remained undefeated.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• The British asked the United States for
help. 
• The United States had a strict policy of
isolationism. 
• A series of neutrality acts passed in the
1930s prevented the United States from
involvement in European conflicts. 
• Though President Franklin D. Roosevelt
denounced the Germans, the United
States did nothing at first.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• Roosevelt wanted to repeal the neutrality
acts and help Great Britain. 
• Over time, the laws were slowly relaxed,
and the United States sent food, ships,
planes, and weapons to Britain.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• Hitler understood that he could not
attack Britain by sea unless he first
controlled the air. 
• In August 1940, the Luftwaffe–German air
force–began a major bombing offensive
against military targets in Britain. 
• Aided by a good radar system, the British
fought back but suffered critical losses.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• In September, Hitler retaliated to a British
attack on Berlin by shifting attacks from
military targets to British cities. 
• He hoped to break British morale.
However, the shift in strategy allowed the
British to rebuild their air power and inflict
crippling losses on the Germans. 
• Having lost the Battle of Britain, Hitler
postponed the invasion of Britain
indefinitely at the end of September.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• Hitler was convinced that the way to
defeat Britain was to first smash the
Soviet Union. 
• He thought that the British were resisting
only because they were expecting Soviet
support. 
• He also thought that the Soviets could be
easily defeated. 
• He planned to invade in the spring of
1941 but was delayed by problems in the
Balkans.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• After the Italians had failed to capture
Greece in 1940, the British still held air
bases there. 
• Hitler seized Greece and Yugoslavia in
April 1941.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• Then Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in
June 1941. 
• The attack on the Soviet Union stretched
out for 1,800 miles. 
• German troops moved quickly and
captured two million Russian soldiers by
November. 
• The Germans were within 25 miles of
Moscow.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
• However, winter came early in 1941 and,
combined with fierce Russian resistance,
forced the Germans to halt. 
• This marked the first time in the war that
the Germans had been stopped. 
• The Germans were not equipped for the
bitter Russian winter. 
• In December, the Soviet army
counterattacked.
(pages 814–817)
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Europe at War (cont.)
Why did Hitler decide to attack the Soviet
Union after the two countries had signed
a nonaggression pact?
Hitler had never planned to remain allied
with the Soviet Union. He had always
planned to take the lands of the Soviet
Union. He also thought that the only way
to defeat the British was to smash the
Soviet Union first.
(pages 814–817)
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Japan at War
• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese
attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii. 
• They also attacked the Philippines and
the British colony of Malaya. 
• Soon after, they invaded the Dutch East
Indies and other islands in the Pacific
Ocean. 
• In spite of some fierce resistance in
places such as the Philippines, by the
spring of 1942, the Japanese controlled
almost all of Southeast Asia and much of
the western Pacific.
(pages 817–818)
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Japan at War (cont.)
• The Japanese created the Greater EastAsia Coprosperity Sphere, which included
the entire region under Japanese control. 
• Japan announced its intention to liberate
colonial nations in Southeast Asia, but it
first needed their natural resources. 
• The Japanese treated the occupied
countries as conquered lands.
(pages 817–818)
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Japan at War (cont.)
• The Japanese thought that their attacks
on the U.S. fleet would destroy the U.S.
Navy and lead the Americans to accept
Japanese domination in the Pacific. 
• However, the attack on Pearl Harbor had
the opposite effect. 
• It united the American people and
convinced the nation that it should enter
the war against Japan.
(pages 817–818)
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Japan at War (cont.)
• Hitler thought that the Americans
would be too involved in the Pacific
to fight in Europe. 
• Four days after Pearl Harbor, he declared
war on the United States. 
• World War II had become a global war.
(pages 817–818)
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Japan at War (cont.)
How did the Japanese miscalculate the
response of the United States to the
bombing of Pearl Harbor?
The Japanese assumed that with the
U.S. fleet severely damaged, the United
States would accept Japanese
domination in the Pacific. The attack
convinced Americans to fight back,
when before many people had wanted
to stay out of the war.
(pages 817–818)
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The Allies Advance
• A new coalition was formed called the
Grand Alliance. 
• It included Great Britain, the Soviet Union,
and the United States. 
• The three nations agreed to focus on
military operations and ignore political
differences. 
• They agreed in 1943 to fight until the Axis
Powers–Germany, Italy, and Japan–
surrendered unconditionally.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
• At the beginning of 1942, the Germans
continued to fight the war against Britain
and the Soviet Union. 
• The Germans were also fighting in North
Africa. 
• The Afrika Korps under General Erwin
Rommel broke through British lines in
Egypt and advanced on Alexandria. 
• During the spring, the Germans captured
the entire Crimea in the Soviet Union.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
• By the fall of 1942, the war had turned
against the Germans. 
• In the summer of 1942, the British in
North Africa had stopped the Germans
at El Alamein. 
• The Germans retreated. 
• In November, British and American forces
invaded French North Africa and forced
the German and Italian troops to
surrender by May.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
• On the Eastern Front, Hitler decided to
attack Stalingrad, a major Soviet
industrial center. 
• Between November 1942 and February
1943 the Soviets counterattacked. 
• They surrounded the Germans and cut
off their supply lines. 
• In May, the Germans were forced to
surrender. 
• They lost some of their best troops. 
• Hitler then realized that he would not
defeat the Soviet Union.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
• In 1942, the Allies had their first
successes in the Pacific. 
• In the Battle of the Coral Sea in May,
American naval forces stopped the
Japanese and saved Australia from
invasion. 
• In June, the Battle of Midway Island
was the turning point in the Pacific war. 
• U.S. planes destroyed four Japanese
aircraft carriers and established naval
superiority.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
• By the fall of 1942, Allied forces were
about to begin two major operation plans
against Japan. 
• One, led by General Douglas MacArthur,
would move into the Philippines through
New Guinea and the South Pacific
Islands. 
• The other would move across the Pacific,
capturing some of the Japanese-held
islands and ending up in Japan. 
• By November 1942, after fierce battles in
the Solomon Islands, the Japanese power
was diminishing.
(pages 818–821)
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The Allies Advance (cont.)
Why was the Battle of Midway Island so
important?
U.S. planes destroyed four Japanese
aircraft carriers and established naval
superiority in the Pacific.
(pages 818–821)
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Last Years of the War
• By early 1943, the tide had turned against
the Axis forces. 
• In May, the Axis forces surrendered in
Tunisia. 
• The Allies then moved north and invaded
Italy in September. 
• Winston Churchill called Italy the “soft
underbelly” of Europe.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• After the Allies captured Sicily, Mussolini
was removed from office. 
• The king arrested him. 
• A new Italian government offered to
surrender to the Allies. 
• However, the Germans rescued Mussolini
and set him up as dictator of a puppet
German state in northern Italy.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• The Germans established a strong
defense south of Rome. 
• The Allies had very heavy casualties as
they slowly advanced north. 
• They did not take Rome until June 4,
1944. 
• The Allies had long been planning a
“second front” in western Europe. 
• They planned to invade France from Great
Britain across the English Channel. 
• On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), the Allies under
U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed
on the beaches in Normandy.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• Though the Germans were expecting the
invasion to take place in another location,
there was still heavy resistance. 
• However, because the Germans thought
the invasion was a diversion, they were
slow to respond. 
• This gave the Allies the chance to set up
a beachhead. 
• By landing two million men and a halfmillion vehicles, the Allies eventually
broke through the German lines.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• After the breakout, the Allies moved south
and east. 
• French resistance fighters rose up in
German-occupied Paris. 
• Paris was liberated by the end of August.
In March of 1945, the Allies crossed the
Rhine River. 
• In the north they linked up with the Soviet
army that was moving from the east.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• The Soviets had turned the tables on the
Germans in 1943. 
• They soundly defeated German troops in
July at the Battle of Kursk in a huge tank
battle. 
• Then they moved steadily westward.

• By the end of 1943, they had reoccupied
Ukraine. 
• By early 1944, they had moved into the
Baltic states.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• In the north, Soviet troops occupied
Warsaw in January 1945 and entered
Berlin in April. 
• Along a southern front, the Soviets swept
through Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• By January 1945, Hitler had moved into
an underground bunker in Berlin. 
• In the end he blamed the Jews for the
war. 
• On April 30, he committed suicide. 
• Two days before, Italian partisans–
resistance fighters–had shot Mussolini. 
• On May 7, 1945, German commanders
surrendered, and the war in Europe was
over.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• The war in Asia continued. Beginning in
1943, the Allied forces had gone on the
offensive and moved across the Pacific. 
• As the Allies came closer to the Japanese
home islands in 1945, U.S. president
Harry S Truman decided to drop atomic
bombs on Japanese cities. 
• He hoped that this would avoid an
invasion of Japan. 
• The first bomb was dropped on the city of
Hiroshima on August 6.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• Three days later, a second bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki. 
• Both cities were completely destroyed. 
• Thousands died immediately, and
thousands more died later of radiation
sickness. 
• The Japanese surrendered on August 14.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
• World War II was over. 
• Seventeen million people had died in
battle in World War II. 
• Some estimate that, including civilian
losses, as many as fifty million people
died in the war.
(pages 821–822)
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Last Years of the War (cont.)
What place did Winston Churchill
describe as the “soft underbelly” of
Europe? Was his description accurate?
Why or why not?
Churchill described Italy as the “soft
underbelly” of Europe. No, his
description was not accurate because
the German resistance in Italy was
fierce and took a heavy toll on the Allies
as they moved north to Rome and
beyond.
(pages 821–822)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. a resistance fighter in World
War II
__
A 2. German for “lightning war,”
a swift and sudden military
attack; used by the Germans
during World War II
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A. blitzkrieg
B. partisan
Checking for Understanding
Explain Hitler’s strategy of attacking
the Soviet Union. Why did his delay in
launching the attack ultimately
contribute to the Soviet victory over
the Germans?
Hitler believed that the Soviets had a
pitiful army and would be defeated
quickly. Their defeat would cause
Britain to fall. The delay left the German
army in Russia in winter.
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Checking for Understanding
List events leading to U.S. entry into
the war.
The United States denounced Germany
but remained neutral, the United States
supplied resources to Britain, and
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluate How might the Allied
demand for unconditional surrender
have helped Hitler to maintain his
control over Germany?
Possible answer: It may have caused
many Germans to continue to support
Hitler because they saw him as the only
alternative to national humiliation.
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Analyzing Visuals
Examine the photo on page 815 of
your textbook showing the destruction
caused by the Luftwaffe’s bombing
raids on London. Explain how this
strategy of Hitler’s hurt, rather than
helped, Germany’s efforts.
By shifting from military targets to
bombing British cities, Hitler gave the
British an opportunity to rebuild their air
strength.
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Close
Make a list of ten key events from this
section in chronological order.
The New Order and the Holocaust
Main Ideas
• Adolf Hitler’s philosophy of Aryan superiority
led to the Holocaust. 
• The Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia
forced millions of native peoples to labor for
the Japanese war machine. 
Key Terms
• genocide 
• collaborator
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The New Order and the Holocaust
People to Identify
• Heinrich Himmler 
• Reinhard Heydrich 
Places to Locate
• Poland 
• Auschwitz
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The New Order and the Holocaust
Preview Questions
• How did the Nazis carry out their Final Solution? 
• How did the Japanese create a dilemma for
nationalists in the lands they occupied?
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The New Order and the Holocaust
Preview of Events
Click the Speaker button to
listen to the audio again.
Former Auschwitz Kommandant Höss was
arrested by the British on March 11, 1946.
He was posing as a farmworker when he
was arrested. After testifying at the
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, he was
executed at Auschwitz on April 16, 1947,
near Crematory I.
The New Order in Europe
• In 1942, the Nazis controlled Europe from
the English Channel in the west to near
Moscow in the east. 
• While Germany annexed some areas,
most were run by military or civilian
officials with help from local citizens who
supported them.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
• The Nazis were especially ruthless in
eastern Europe. 
• The Nazis saw the Slavic peoples as
racially inferior. 
• The Nazis wanted the lands for German
settlers. 
• Soon after they conquered Poland, they
began to put their plans for an Aryan
racial empire into action.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
• Heinrich Himmler, the SS leader, was put
in charge of German resettlement plans in
the east. 
• This meant to move Slavic people out and
replace them with Germans. 
• Beginning in western Poland, the
Germans moved one million Poles to
southern Poland. 
• By 1942, two million ethnic Germans had
been moved in to colonize the new
German provinces in Poland.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
• When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union,
Hitler anticipated turning all the people
into slaves and inhabiting the conquered
lands with German peasants. 
• Himmler stated that German plans could
involve killing 30 million Slavs.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
• Due to labor shortages in Germany, the
Nazis starting rounding up foreign workers
as slave labor. 
• By the summer of 1944, seven million
Europeans were laboring in Germany. 
• Another seven million were forced to work
in their own countries.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
• Forced labor caused problems for the
Germans. 
• Bringing workers to Germany reduced the
number of workers left in occupied
countries. 
• The Germans’ brutal tactics led more and
more people to resist Nazi occupation
forces.
(pages 824–825)
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The New Order in Europe (cont.)
What was the rationale that the Nazis
used for moving and killing Slavic
peoples in eastern Europe?
The Nazis thought that the Slavs were
racially inferior; they were in the way of
German settlement.
(pages 824–825)
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The Holocaust
• Hitler’s vision divided the world into the
Aryan race and those who would
destroy it. 
• He was convinced that the Jewish people
were the greatest threat to his Aryan
Empire. 
• He directed that Jews in Europe be
exterminated completely. 
• His plan was called the Final Solution.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• The SS under Himmler was responsible
for carrying out the Final Solution. 
• The Final Solution was genocide, or the
physical extermination, of the Jewish
people.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• Reinhard Heydrich was the head of the
SS’s Security Service. 
• He was in charge of the Final Solution. 
• He created special forces, called
Einsatzgruppen, to carry out Nazi plans. 
• When Poland fell, he ordered all Jews
rounded up and put in terribly crowded
ghettos in a number of cities. 
• The Nazis tried to starve the Jews. 
• Some of the ghettos organized resistance
against the Nazis.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• In June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen began
acting as mobile killing units. 
• They followed the army, rounded up all
Jews, and executed them. 
• They buried the victims in mass graves.
Perhaps one million Jews were killed in
this way. 
• However, the Nazis found that this
process was too slow.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• The next step was to build death camps. 
• Beginning in 1942, Jews from countries
occupied by or sympathetic to Germany
were transported to Poland in freight
trains like cattle. 
• Six death camps were built in Poland. 
• The largest was Auschwitz. 
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent
to work in a labor camps. 
• Many of those were starved or worked to
death. 
• The rest were exterminated in mass gas
(pages 825–828)
chambers.
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• By the spring of 1942, the death camps
were fully operating. 
• Throughout the war, the Final Solution
continued to have top priority. 
• Even as the Nazis were losing the war
in 1944, Jews were being shipped from
Greece and Hungary to the death camps. 
• The Final Solution had priority over the
military for trains.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• The Nazis were also responsible for the
deaths of at least nine to ten million nonJewish people. 
• About 40 percent of Europe’s Gypsies
were killed, as were Poles, Ukrainians,
and Belorussians who lost their lives as
slave laborers. 
• The Nazis also probably killed at least
three to four million Soviet prisoners of
war.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• This mass slaughter of European civilians,
particularly European Jews, is called the
Holocaust. 
• In a few places, Jews resisted. 
• In some countries, people tried to help
Jews to escape from the Nazis. 
• The Danish people were able to protect
most of their Jewish citizens. 
• In many places, collaborators (people
who assisted the enemy) helped the
Nazis find Jews.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• Though the Allies knew about the death
camps, they chose to concentrate on
ending the war. 
• They did not learn the full truth until the
war was over.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• Young people of all ages were victims of
World War II. 
• Jewish children were the first to be put to
death in the gas chambers because they
could not work. 
• 1.2 million Jewish children died in the
Holocaust. 
• In Germany, Britain, and Japan, many
children were moved from cities that
were being bombed. 
• Some who were evacuated never saw
their parents again.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
• By 1945 there were 13 million orphaned
children in Europe. 
• In Eastern Europe, children suffered
terribly. 
• All secondary schools were closed
because the Germans did not think Slavic
people needed more than a very basic
education. 
• Children on both sides, particularly at the
end of the war, joined the fighting. 
• Sometimes 14- or 15-year-old children
were at the front lines or worked as spies.
(pages 825–828)
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The Holocaust (cont.)
In what ways did World War II impact young
people?
Jewish children were the first to be put to death in
the gas chambers because they could not work.
Many children were moved from cities that were
being bombed. By 1945 there were 13 million
orphaned children in Europe. In Eastern Europe,
all secondary schools were closed because the
Germans did not think Slavic people needed more
than a very basic education. Children on both
sides, particularly at the end of the war, joined the
fighting.
(pages 825–828)
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The New Order in Asia
• Japan hoped to use its newly conquered
countries as sources of raw materials,
such as tin, oil, and rubber. 
• The possessions would also provide a
market for Japanese goods.
(pages 828–829)
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The New Order in Asia (cont.)
• The Japanese used the slogan “Asia for
the Asiatics.” 
• They contacted anticolonialist forces and
promised them that local governments
would be set up under Japanese control. 
• This happened in Burma, the Dutch East
Indies, Vietnam, and the Philippines. 
• However, each territory was actually run
by the Japanese military. 
• Local people were forced to serve in the
military or work on public works projects.
(pages 828–829)
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The New Order in Asia (cont.)
• In Vietnam, the Japanese took rice from
the people. 
• A million people starved to death in 1944
and 1945. 
• At first, many Southeast Asian nationalists
cooperated with the Japanese. 
• Their attitudes changed as the Japanese
provoked local people through their
arrogance and contempt for local
customs. 
• For example, Buddhist pagodas in Burma
were used as military latrines.
(pages 828–829)
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The New Order in Asia (cont.)
• Like the Germans, the Japanese had little
respect for the lives of people in occupied
countries. 
• In Nanjing, China, the Japanese soldiers
looted the city and killed and raped its
people. 
• The Japanese used labor forces
composed of prisoners of war and local
peoples. 
• In one case, 12,000 Allied prisoners of
war died while constructing the BurmaThailand railway in 1943.
(pages 828–829)
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The New Order in Asia (cont.)
• Nationalists in occupied countries were
conflicted. 
• They did not want the former colonial
powers to return, but they did not like
the Japanese either. 
• Some, like Ho Chi Minh in French
Indochina, turned against the Japanese
and worked with the Allies. 
• Others simply did nothing. 
• By the end of the war, few people in
occupied Asian countries supported
the Japanese.
(pages 828–829)
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The New Order in Asia (cont.)
Why do you think that Ho Chi Minh’s
Communist Party worked against the
Japanese in French Indochina?
Japanese policies led to the starvation
of a million Vietnamese people in 1944
and 1945.
(pages 828–829)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. a person who assists the
enemy
__
A 2. the deliberate mass murder
of a particular racial,
political, or cultural group
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A. genocide
B. collaborator
Checking for Understanding
Explain what the Nazis meant by
the Final Solution. How did Hitler’s
commitment to the Final Solution
hinder Germany’s war effort?
The extermination of the Jewish people
was meant to be the Final Solution to
the “Jewish problem.” Hitler diverted
resources that could have been spent
on the war.
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Checking for Understanding
List examples of objectionable
Japanese occupation policies in Asia.
The Japanese invaders forced
Indonesians to recognize the emperor’s
divinity and used Buddhist pagodas as
military latrines; Japanese soldiers
killed, raped and looted Nanjing. The
Japanese used forced labor, and many
workers died.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluate What was the impact of the
Holocaust on history? What lessons
does the Holocaust have for us today?
Analyzing Visuals
Examine the scene pictured on page
827 of your textbook. Describe, based
on your reading, the series of events
that will most likely follow.
The people are herded up, packed into
freight trains, and then shipped to death
camps in Poland.
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Close
Analyze the information in this section
by comparing the treatment of the
people in lands occupied by the Nazi
forces of Germany and those of lands
conquered by the Japanese. Did
either of these powers have any
apparent interest in the rights of the
occupied people?
The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
Main Ideas
• World War II left a lasting impression on civilian
populations. 
• The end of the war created a new set of problems
for the Allies as the West came into conflict with
the Soviet Union. 
Key Terms
• mobilization 
• Cold War
• kamikaze 
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The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
People to Identify
• Albert Speer 
• General Hideki Tojo 
Places to Locate
• London 
• Hiroshima
• Dresden 
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The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
Preview Questions
• Why were the Japanese encouraged to serve
as kamikaze pilots? 
• What was the outcome of the Yalta Conference
in 1945?
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The Home Front and the
Aftermath of the War
Preview of Events
Click the Speaker button to
listen to the audio again.
President Truman said that he dropped the
atomic bomb to avoid terrible American
losses in the anticipated invasion of Japan.
However, documents released under the
Freedom of Information Act indicate that
Truman may have overestimated these
numbers. Many think that he had another
purpose, which was to demonstrate
American power to the possible new
enemy, the Soviet Union.
The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples
• Even more than World War I, World War
II was a total war. 
• Economic mobilization was more
extensive. 
• The war had an enormous impact on
civilian life in many parts of the world.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• In the Soviet Union initial defeats led to
drastic emergency measures. 
• For example, Leningrad was under siege
for nine hundred days. 
• Over a million people died there due to
food shortages. 
• People had to eat dogs, cats, and mice.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Soviet workers dismantled factories in the
west and shipped them to the east, out of
the way of the attacking German army. 
• At times workers ran machines as new
factory buildings were built up around
them.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• The military and industrial mobilization of
the Soviet Union produced 78,000 tanks
and 98,000 artillery pieces. 
• In 1943, 55 percent of the national income
went to war materials. 
• As a result there were severe shortages
of food and housing.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Soviet women were an important part of
the war effort. Women working in industry
increased 60 percent. 
• They worked in industries, mines, and
railroads. 
• They dug antitank ditches and worked
as air raid wardens. 
• Some fought in battles and flew in
bombers.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• The war did not come to the home territory
of the United States. 
• The country became an arsenal for the
Allies. 
• The United States produced much of the
military equipment needed to fight the
Axis. 
• In 1943, the United States was building
six ships a day and ninety-six thousand
planes per year.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• The American mobilization created some
social turmoil. 
• There were widespread movements of
people. 
• For example, many women and men
enrolled in the military moved frequently. 
• Also, as millions of servicemen and
workers looking for jobs moved around,
their wives and children or girlfriends
often moved with them.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• African Americans were profoundly
impacted by the war. 
• Over a million African Americans moved
from the South to cities in the North and
West to work in war industries. 
• At times the influx of African Americans
led to social tensions and even violence. 
• A million African Americans joined the
military. 
• They served in segregated units. Angered
by their treatment, many returned from the
war ready to fight for their civil rights.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Japanese Americans on the West Coast
were moved to internment camps away
from the ocean. 
• Sixty-five percent of them had been born
in the United States. 
• In spite of that, they were required to take
loyalty oaths and were forced to live in
camps surrounded by barbed wire.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• The government claimed to do this for
national security. 
• Of American descendants of the Axis
Power countries, Japanese Americans
were the only group to be put into camps.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• In 1939 in Germany, many civilians feared
that the war would bring disaster. 
• Hitler understood the importance of the
home front. 
• He believed that lack of civilian support
had led to the German defeat in World
War I. 
• To keep up public morale, Hitler refused
to cut consumer-goods production for
the first two years of the war.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• This decision may have cost Germany
the war. 
• After defeats on the Russian front, the
policy changed.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Early in 1942, Hitler increased arms
production and the size of the army. 
• Albert Speer became minister for
armaments and munitions. 
• He tripled armament production between
1942 and 1943. 
• In July 1944, the German economy was
totally mobilized. 
• Schools, theaters, and cafes were closed. 
• However, this came too late to avoid
defeat.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Before the war, the Nazis tried to keep
women out of the job market. As the war
progressed, more and more men had to
serve in the military. 
• The Nazis changed their policies and
encouraged women to work. 
• However, the number of working women
increased very little between 1939 and
1944.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• Wartime Japan was a highly mobilized
society. 
• The government controlled prices, wages,
labor, and resources. 
• Citizens were encouraged to sacrifice for
the national cause. 
• In the final years of the war, young
Japanese volunteered to serve as suicide
pilots against U.S. ships. 
• They were called kamikaze (“divine wind”)
pilots.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
• The Japanese government opposed
employing women. 
• General Hideki Tojo, the Japanese prime
minister from 1941 to 1944, argued that
employing women would weaken the
family system and the nation. 
• Female employment increased only in
areas in which women had traditionally
worked, such as textiles and farming. 
• The Japanese met labor shortages by
using Korean and Chinese laborers.
(pages 830–832)
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The Mobilization of Peoples:
Four Examples (cont.)
How did Hitler miscalculate the need
for increased arms production and
total mobilization during the first years
of the war?
Fearing public dissent, he refused to cut
production of consumer goods to
produce more war materials. By the time
he fully mobilized the German economy
in 1944, it was too late to avoid defeat.
(pages 830–832)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities
• Bombing was used against military
targets, enemy troops, and civilian
populations. 
• World War II was the first war in which
large masses of civilians were bombed.
(pages 833–834)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• Toward the end of World War I, there had
been a few bombing raids against civilian
targets. 
• The raids had caused great public outcry. 
• After the war, European nations began
to think that bombing civilian targets could
be used to force governments to make
peace. 
• During the 1930s, European nations
developed long-range bombers.
(pages 833–834)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• The first sustained civilian bombing was
done by the Germans against London. 
• For months, the Germans bombed the city
nightly. 
• There were heavy casualties and
tremendous damage. 
• In time, the blitz, as the bombing was
called, was carried to other British cities. 
• In spite of the heavy bombing, British
morale remained high.
(pages 833–834)
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• The idea that bombing civilians would
force peace was proved wrong. 
• In 1942, the British began major bombing
campaigns against German cities. 
• Ignoring their own experience, the British
hoped that the bombing would break the
morale of the German people. 
• Thousands of bombers were used to
attack major German cities.
(pages 833–834)
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• The bombing of Germany added to civilian
terror. 
• The Germans particularly feared
incendiary bombs, which spread fire when
they exploded. 
• In some cities, such as Dresden,
enormous firestorms resulted from the
bombing, killing hundreds of thousands of
people and burning everything that could
burn.
(pages 833–834)
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• The bombing of Germany by the Allies
may have killed a half-million civilians. 
• Millions of buildings were destroyed. 
• In spite of the terrible destruction, the
bombing did not seem to sap the morale of
the German people or destroy the German
industrial capacity. 
• However, the destruction of transportation
systems and fuel supplies strongly
impacted the ability of the Germans to
supply their military forces.
(pages 833–834)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• In November 1944, the Allies began
attacks on Japanese cities. 
• By that time, the Japanese air force
could no longer defend Japan. 
• The crowded Japanese cities, filled
with highly combustible structures,
were especially vulnerable. 
• By the following summer, a fourth of
Japanese dwellings and many of its
industries had been destroyed .
(pages 833–834)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
• The bombing of civilians then reached
an unprecedented level when the United
States dropped atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945.
(pages 833–834)
Frontline Civilians: The Bombing
of Cities (cont.)
How did the bombing of civilians affect
morale in Britain and Germany?
The bombings did not seem to adversely
affect morale. In some cases, it seemed
to strengthen the resolve of civilians to
continue struggling.
(pages 833–834)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Peace and a New War
• After the end of World War II, a new
international conflict emerged, the Cold
War. 
• The Cold War was primarily an ideological
conflict between the United States and the
Soviet Union. It dominated world politics
until the end of the 1980s.
(pages 834–836)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• In November 1943, Stalin, Churchill, and
Roosevelt met in Tehran to decide the
future course of the war. 
• Their countries were known as the Big
Three of the Grand Alliance. 
• The Big Three decided that the Americans
and British would attack Germany through
France in 1944. 
• They would then meet the Soviet forces
somewhere in a defeated Germany.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• This meant the Soviet troops would
probably liberate most of Eastern Europe. 
• They also agreed to partition postwar
Germany.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• In February of 1945, the Big Three powers
met at Yalta in southern Russia. 
• By that time, they knew that the Germans
were beaten. 
• Roosevelt and Churchill realized that
eleven million Soviet troops were taking
possession of much of Eastern and
Central Europe. 
• Roosevelt favored the idea of selfdetermination for postwar Europe.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• This meant that each country would
choose its own form of government. 
• Stalin was suspicious of the Western
powers and wanted a Communist buffer
between the West and the Soviet Union. 
• Roosevelt also sought Soviet military help
against Japan. 
• In return for military aid, Roosevelt agreed
that the Soviets could take Sakhalin and
the Kuril Islands, two warm-water ports,
and railroad rights in Manchuria.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• Roosevelt wanted to create the United
Nations organization to help resolve
difficult international disagreements. 
• The Big Three powers at Yalta accepted
his plans and set the founding meeting of
the United Nations for April 1945, in San
Francisco.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• The Big Three also confirmed at the Yalta
Conference that Germany would have to
surrender unconditionally. 
• They agreed to divide Germany into four
zones. 
• The zones would be occupied and
governed by France, Britain, the United
States, and the Soviet Union. 
• Stalin agreed to hold free elections in
Poland at some future date.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• The Soviets and the Americans were
deeply split about free elections in Eastern
Europe. 
• The Soviets wanted these nations to be
pro-Soviet. 
• The Americans wanted free elections. 
• These conflicting goals were never
reconciled.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• The Potsdam Conference was held in July
1945. 
• Roosevelt had died in April and was
replaced by Harry Truman. 
• Truman demanded that free elections be
held throughout Eastern Europe. 
• Stalin refused to concede. Stalin wanted
absolute military security for his country. 
• He thought this could only happen if all
the Eastern European states had
Communist governments.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• He saw free elections as a direct threat. 
• The only way to force free elections in
Eastern Europe would have been to
invade the Soviet-held territory. 
• As World War II had just ended, very
few people favored that course. 
• Many Western leaders thought that the
Soviets intended to spread communism
throughout the world. 
• The Soviets saw Western policy,
particularly that of the United States,
as global capitalist expansionism. (pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
• In March 1946, Winston Churchill
declared that an “iron curtain” had
“descended across the continent.” 
• This iron curtain divided Europe into two
hostile sides. 
• Stalin responded by calling Churchill’s
speech a “call to war with the Soviet
Union.” 
• The world seemed to be bitterly divided
again.
(pages 834–836)
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
How did the military strategy among the
Big Three for the final defeat of Germany
affect European politics after the war?
(pages 834–836)
Click the mouse button or press the
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Peace and a New War (cont.)
The Big Three agreed that the Americans and
British would work together to invade France and
attack Germany from the west. The Soviet Union
would attack from the east. As the armies closed
in on Germany, they liberated and occupied the
nations in their path. The Soviet troops occupied
all of Eastern Europe. After the war, Stalin wanted
to make sure that Eastern European countries had
Communist governments in order to provide a
buffer zone against Western aggression. The
Americans wanted to have free elections in
Eastern Europe, but Stalin, whose troops occupied
the area, refused. The lines were drawn for a new
war, the Cold War.
(pages 834–836)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
A 1. the process of assembling
troops and supplies and
making them ready for war
__
B 2. Japanese for “divine wind,”
a suicide mission in which
young Japanese pilots
intentionally flew their
airplanes into U.S. fighting
ships at sea
Click the mouse button or press the
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A. mobilization
B. kamikaze
Checking for Understanding
Explain how Hitler’s bombing of
civilians in England backfired. What
strategy do you think Hitler should
have pursued instead?
The bombing failed to demoralize the
British and allowed the British to rebuild
their air strength. Hitler should have
bombed military targets.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
List examples of Japan’s vulnerability
to Allied air attack in late 1944. What
type of U.S. aircraft was used for the
heaviest bombing of Japanese targets?
The Japanese air force was almost
destroyed, and crowded cities were
built of flimsy materials that were
vulnerable to fire. B29s inflicted heavy
damage.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Critical Thinking
Explain Why did General Hideki Tojo
oppose female employment in Japan?
He felt women in the workforce would
weaken the family unit, which in turn
would weaken the nation.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyze the photo on page 836 of your
textbook. How might the seating
arrangement for the three leaders be
significant? Which of the three leaders
do you think came away from the
meeting most pleased with the results?
Close
How were the gains made by Stalin at
Yalta similar to those made by Hitler
at the Munich conference.
Chapter Summary
World War II was the most devastating
total war in human history. Events engaged
four continents, involved countless people
and resources, and changed subsequent
history. The chart on the following slide
summarizes some of the themes and
developments.
Chapter Summary
Using Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the following
sentences.
1. The policy of giving in to Hitler’s demands before
World War II has been called _______________.
appeasement
2. The German style of attack that called for rapidly
overrunning the positions of opposing forces was
called a _______________.
blitzkrieg
3. The United States threatened economic
sanctions
_______________
unless Japan returned to its
borders of 1931.
4. Civilians in occupied countries who joined resistance
partisans
movements were often called _______________.
5. People who assisted the Nazis in carrying out
atrocities against Jewish people were known as
collaborators
_______________.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Reviewing Key Facts
Geography Where was the
Sudetenland located? Why was it
important to Hitler?
The Sudetenland was in northwestern
Czechoslovakia, and it was inhabited
largely by Germans.
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Reviewing Key Facts
Science and Technology What did
the British develop to prepare for
German air attack?
An effective radar system gave them
early warning of German air attacks.
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Reviewing Key Facts
History What significant military
action occurred at Midway Island in
1942?
U.S. planes destroyed four attacking
Japanese aircraft carriers, defeating
the Japanese navy and establishing
American naval superiority in the
Pacific.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Reviewing Key Facts
Government Why did the Allied
agreement to fight until the Axis
Powers surrendered unconditionally
possibly prolong the war?
The agreement made it impossible
for Hitler to divide his foes.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Reviewing Key Facts
Citizenship In what way were
Japanese Americans treated
differently than German Americans
and Italian Americans?
Japanese Americans were rounded up
and placed in camps for the duration of
the war, while German Americans and
Italian Americans were left alone.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Critical Thinking
Cause and Effect What factors
caused President Truman to order the
dropping of atomic bombs in Japan?
He wanted to avoid having to invade
Japan, which he was convinced would
cause heavy American casualties.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How did
World War II affect the world balance
of power? What nations emerged from
the conflict as world powers?
By the end of World War II, the balance
of power had shifted away from Europe.
The United States and the Soviet Union
became world powers.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Analyzing Maps and Charts
Study the map below and answer the questions on the
following slides.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
Why did the Allies
not retake every
Japanese-held
island?
They did not need to
retake every island,
because by island
hopping they could
cut off Japaneseheld islands from
supply lines.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
How far is it from
Pearl Harbor to
Japan?
It is more than
4,000 miles.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Use the map and your knowledge of world
history to answer the following question
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Use the map and your knowledge of world
history to answer the following question
What geographic factors influenced German military
advances?
F German troops had to cover long distances.
G Colder climates created problems that the German
military could not overcome.
H The blitzkrieg relied on tanks that were most effective
on flatter terrain.
J All of the above.
Test-Taking Tip To answer this question about how
geography affected history, look at the map carefully.
Notice which areas the German military did not occupy.
Use these clues to make an inference about how
geography affected the German army.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Why did increased war production not
do much to improve Germany’s ability
to fight the war?
Germany lacked transportation to move
supplies to the front.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to
the Glencoe World History Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When
you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://wh.glencoe.com
Journalism Research and write a brief report on
the work of one of the World War II correspondents
or journalists, such as Edward R. Murrow, Alan
Moorehead, Robert Capa, Margaret Bourke-White,
Max Alpert, or Henri Cartier-Bresson, who gained
fame due to their work during the war.
Geography
Technology
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Geography Study the map on page 816 of your
textbook. Which countries did Germany invade in
1941?
Technology After D-Day, Pipe-Line Under the
Ocean (PLUTO), a supply line under the English
Channel, supplied thousands of gallons of gasoline
a day for Allied trucks and tanks advancing across
Europe. Research PLUTO and other technological
innovations of the war.
Jewish Resistance There were many acts of
resistance to Nazi atrocities. For example, several
hundred prisoners assigned to Crematorium IV at
Auschwitz-Birkenau rebelled after learning that they
were going to be killed. Jewish slave laborers in a
nearby armaments factory smuggled explosives into
the camp. On October 7, 1944, the prisoners killed
several guards and blew up the crematorium and
adjacent gas chamber. The Germans crushed the
revolt and killed almost all of the prisoners involved in
the rebellion. The Jewish women who had smuggled
the explosives into the camp were publicly hanged.
Radar
Pearl Harbor
Military Code
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Radar In 1935, physicist Robert Watson-Watts
developed radar, an early warning system used to
detect incoming aircraft. This new invention (radio
detecting and ranging) helped the British defeat
the German Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain.
Pearl Harbor By late 1941, there were more than
75 U.S. warships, including battleships, destroyers,
cruisers, and submarines, stationed at Pearl Harbor.
During the Japanese attack, the battleship U.S.S.
Arizona was completely destroyed, the Nevada
heavily damaged, and the West Virginia and the
California were sunk. American losses were
staggering, but Japan lost only 29 planes, 5 small
submarines, and about 120 soldiers. A national
memorial has been built across the hull of the
U.S.S. Arizona at Pearl Harbor, just outside
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Military Code In 1942, the United States Marine
Corps recruited the Navajo to develop a military
code that the Japanese could not break. Based
on their oral language, the “Navajo Code Talkers”
created the only unbreakable code in military
history.
Japanese American Soldiers
Veto Power
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Japanese American Soldiers The 442nd
Regiment Combat Team, a Japanese American
unit, fought in eight major campaigns. Despite a
climate of prejudice that interned thousands of
Japanese Americans, the 442nd was an allvolunteer regiment that fought bravely for the
United States. Altogether about 33,000 Japanese
Americans fought for the United States during
World War II.
Veto Power At Yalta, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
agreed that each of the five permanent members of
the United Nations Security Council would have veto
power over matters brought before the Council.
During the early years of the United Nations, the
Soviet Union often used its veto to prevent UN
responses to Soviet actions in Eastern Europe.
Pearl Harbor
Stalingrad
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Pearl Harbor How did Pearl Harbor change the
course of World War II?
Stalingrad Why was Stalingrad a major turning
point in World War II?
Executive Order 9066
Atomic Bomb
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Executive Order 9066 On February 19, 1942,
President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066,
which authorized the War Department to move
120,000 Japanese American men, women, and
children from the West Coast to crude internment
camps farther inland. These Americans lost their
constitutional rights, property, businesses, and
homes. Despite this policy, Japanese Americans
remained loyal to the United States. None were ever
brought to trial for espionage or sabotage. Why do
you think Roosevelt signed this order?
Atomic Bomb How did the American use of the
atomic bomb affect future world events?
Synthesizing Information
Why Learn This Skill?
Consider what it would be like to get funding for a new after-school
club. In order to present your case, you would need to talk to other
students and to school administrators, and to read reports and
articles. Once you had gathered all the information you needed,
you would synthesize–or put together–the most important points
that could help you achieve your objective. 
Synthesizing information involves combining information from two
or more sources. The ability to synthesize information is important
because information gained from one source often sheds new light
upon other information. It is like putting the pieces of a puzzle
together to form a complete picture. Being able to synthesize
information will help you read and write more effectively.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Synthesizing Information
Learning the Skill
To write a research report, you study several sources–
encyclopedias, books, and articles. Once you have gathered
information, you synthesize it into a report. 
Before synthesizing information, analyze each source
separately. Determine the value and reliability of each source.
Then, look for connections and relationships among the
different sources.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Synthesizing Information
Practicing the Skill
Study the passage and
the photo on page 837 of
your textbook, and then
answer the questions on
the following slides.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Synthesizing Information
Practicing the Skill
What is the main idea of the passage?
Bombing of civilian populations made the home
front a dangerous place but failed to destroy
morale.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Synthesizing Information
Practicing the Skill
What does the photo tell you about this topic?
It appears to show a family making their way
through the rubble with a few salvaged
possessions.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Synthesizing Information
Practicing the Skill
By synthesizing the two sources, what
information do you have about the bombing
of Britain?
Even though their cities were devastated,
the British maintained their morale.
This feature can be found on page 837 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Poster, c/ 1938, which proclaims
“One People, one State, on Leader!”
After becoming dictator in 1933, Hitler often held
large rallies to inspire the loyalty of Germans
Read Hitler’s Vision on page 808 of your textbook.
Then answer the questions on the following slides.
This feature can be found on page 808 of your textbook.
Why would Hitler regard democracy as a
“cancer”?
He believed that certain races, certain people,
were superior to others, and thus should be in
control, whereas in democracy all people are
equal.
This feature can be found on page 808 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What does Hitler mean by “ruthless
Germanization?”
Fast, quick domination of lands and cultures
by Germany would provide for the expansion
of what Hitler believed was the superior race.
This feature can be found on page 808 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the image on the
right to listen to an
excerpt from page 823
of your textbook. Read
the information on
page 823 of your
textbook. Then answer
the questions on the
following slides.
This feature can be found on page 823 of your textbook.
Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
What city was the German army trying to take?
The German army was trying to take
Stalingrad.
This feature can be found on page 823 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
How accurate was the information received by
the German soldiers prior to the attack?
The information received by German soldiers
was not very accurate.
This feature can be found on page 823 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What evidence is there of both the effectiveness of Nazi
propaganda and of the soldiers’ disenchantment?
Apparently propaganda was very effective; everyone
in Germany seems to have believed the siege of
Stalingrad was going as Hitler had planned, when in
fact it was not (see November 10 entry). Hitler failed to
provide the support he had promised, leaving his
soldiers to starve to death or be captured by the
Soviets. In his November 21 entry, the soldier notes
that he will next see his family “in the other world,”
which indicates his belief that the Germans were
losing.
This feature can be found on page 823 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Atomic Bomb
Scientists at the beginning of the
twentieth century discovered that
atoms contained an enormous
amount of energy. The discovery
gave rise to the idea that
releasing this energy by splitting
the atom might create a
devastating weapon.
Read the excerpt on page 834
of your textbook and answer the
question on the following slide.
This feature can be found on page 834 of your textbook.
Evaluating Was the decision to use the atomic
bomb in Japan any different from Allied decisions
to bomb civilian population centers in Europe?
Why or why not?
This feature can be found on page 834 of your textbook.
The Holocaust
Objectives
After viewing “The Holocaust,” you should: 
• Know basic facts about Hitler's destruction of European
Jewry. 
• Empathize with the suffering of Holocaust victims and
respect the courage of survivors. 
• Consider the moral dilemma that
people face when confronted with
great evil: to support it, resist it,
or do nothing.
The Holocaust
In the 1930s, what did Hitler claim Germany
wanted?
Hitler claimed that all Germany wanted was
space to live in.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Holocaust
What does Elster believe can keep us from
killing one another over our differences?
Elster believes that young people can resist
the hatred he says is taught all around us.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Maps
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945
Axis Offensive, 1939–1941
Chart
World War II: Attack and Counterattack
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Map
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945
Chart
World War II: Attack and Counterattack
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Maps
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945
Allied Offensives, 1942–1945
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945
Chart
World War II: Attack and Counterattack
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Maps
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945
Allied Offensives, 1942–1945
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945
Charts
Battle Deaths in World War II
World War II: Attack and Counterattack
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Chamberlain felt that
the territory given to
Hitler would satisfy him.
Churchill felt that giving
anything to Hitler was
wrong.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Churchill felt that
Hitler would not be
satisfied with the
territory.
The JU 87 planes opened
gaps for the armored
attack to proceed.
Tanks and halftracks made up the
main armor attack.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
The blitzkrieg attacks
were forceful and
included an
enormous amount
of armor so nothing
could stand up to
them.
She was Jewish and
had to hide from the
Nazis.
She was tired of
waiting and
wanted to know
what would
happen to her.
Click the mouse button or press the
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No; Anne claims
they still loved life
and remembered
nature.
Atomic bombs were
more powerful and left
behind radiation.
The destruction was so
overwhelming that Japan
surrendered.
Possible answer: The fear
that the prospect of using
atomic weapons caused,
and the power that
resulted from having
atomic weapons.
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Space Bar to display the answers.
End of Custom Shows
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