IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first!
DISCLAIMER:
• The following translated document originates from Brazil, is based on Brazilian data
and experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for Brazilian farmers. Aspects of
SBR development and fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the same under
U.S. and Brazilian conditions. Similarly, certain control measures suggested by
Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR situation in Brazil, as well as year-round
soybean production in certain parts of that country. Therefore, do not use this
information for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control decisions in the U.S.
Instead, use control measures developed by your state’s Land Grant University
scientists. Be advised that fungicide product names for the same active ingredient
and manufacturer are typically different for Brazil and the U.S.; however, the
common names for the active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or propiconazole or
azoxystrobin) are the same in both countries.
For more information or clarification about the translated document, contact:
D. Hershman
Extension Plant Pathologist
University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY
dhershma@uky.edu
SOYBEAN RUST:
Identification
Management
Control
History
1902
1914
1976
1979
1990
1998
2001
2002
2003
– first report in Japan
– in southeast Asia
- Puerto Rico
- Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué Deslandes
- Uganda, Kenya and Rwuanda
- Zimbabwe
- Paraguai and Brazil
– Argentina
- Bolivia
2004 – Uruguai,Colombia and
USA
Up to 1992 – only one species identified as soybean rust
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
In 1992 – found a 2nd species causing rust on soybean
P. meibomiae – American rust
P. pachyrhizi – Asian rust
Soybean rust around the world
1957
1902
2004
1940
1934
2004
2003
2001
2002
1966
1996
1999
1934
1998
2001
Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil
2000/2004
2001/02
2000/01
PA
PA
2002/03
2003/04
PA
PA
Actual
status
Presence detected
Severe losses detected
Cruzaltinha, RS – 2002
BRS 154
3.015 kg/ha
1.632 kg/ha
Losses: 46%
treated
3.022 kg/ha
BRS 153
Control
2.344 kg/ha
Losses: 23%
São Desidério, BA - 2003
3550 kg/ha
1470 kg/ha
Losses : 58%
Treated
Control
Pirapó, Paraguai – 2001
Losses
Crop Season 2003/04
1. Fungicides + spray
US$ 860 million
2. Yield + taxes
US$ 1.2 billion
3. Total:
US$ 2.06 billion
Cost of Fungicides:
US$ 30/ha (1 spray)
Lazzaroto& Roessing, 2004
Consortium anti-rust
Disease identification,
management and
control
Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005
Initial Symptoms
Soybean Rust
Typical symptoms:tiny dark brown lesions; leaves become yellow
and falls.
J.T. Yorinori
Soybean rust
Symptoms are easily identified againts bright background
J.T. Yorinori
Soybean Rust
Diagnosis is confirmed through observation of small blisters on
the underside of soybean leaves.
C.V. Godoy
Soybean Rust
30 X lens to observe uredias in the leaf
J.T. Yorinori
uredias
W.M. Paiva
First detection in Brazil: Foz do Iguaçu, PR - 2001
Symptom´s Evolution
And Defoliation
5-7 days after inoculation
J.T. Yorinori
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
9 Days after inoculation
J.T. Yorinori
Bright background
J.T. Yorinori
25 days after inoculation
Yellowing and defoliation
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Initial symptons
ocurred in R1-R2
Early defoliation due to Asian Rust
São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori
MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03
MATO GROSSO
Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03
Rust on the cotyledons - rare
Rust on the
stems – uncomon
Rust on the pods - rare
Etiology:
desease
Cycle: 5-7 (9-11) days
time
% de germinação
Spore germination pattern
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
dias após a coleta
15
20
Disease cycle
Infection
Germination
development
Free water on leaf surface
Direct penetration
Minimum: 6 h
through stomata
Optimun:12 - 14 h
(optimun 180C – 260C)
Symptoms show
up 5 days after
inoculation
Reproduction
Penetration
M. Iamauti
G.N.Agrios
W.M.Paiva
Dissemination: wind
6-7 days occurs
spore liberation
Dissemination
J.T.Yorinori
J.T.Yorinori
M. Iamauti, 2004
One pustule
releases spores
along 3 weeks
Disease misidentification
Brown spot: Septoria glycines
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Bacterial blight
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea
Downy mildew: Peronospora manshurica
Soybean rust
Bacterial pustule
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
A.M.R.Almeida
L.M. Costamilan
J.T. Yorinori
Chemical Control
When to control ?
Scouting fields/sentinels to observe
at the earliest sign of infcetion.
Spray right after first symptoms are observed (pustules on
plant botton leaves) or spray preventively, considering:
Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots,
Reduced operational capacity,
Favorable weather conditions,
Plant development stage,
Rust present in the region,
Incidence of other diseases (broad range fungicide).
Number of sprays?

Stage of plant development when rust occurs

Reincidence of rust

Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)
W.M.Paiva
Vegetative
Reproductive
Products Registered for
rust control in Brazil
AGROFIT
www.agricultura.gov.br
Soybean rust
Active ingredient
Rate (g i.a./ha)
1 - Check
2 - azoxystrobin
3 - difenoconazole
4 - tetraconazole
5 - fluquinconazole
6 - flutriafol
7 - tebuconazole 250
8 - tebuconazole 200
9 - myclobutanil
10 - pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole
11 - trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole
12 - azoxystrobin + ciproconazole
13 - trifloxystrobin + propiconazole
14 - propiconazole
15 - epoxiconazole
50
50
50
62,5
62,5
100
100
100
66,5+25
56,2+24
60+24
50+50
125
37,5
Comercial product
Priori
Score
Domark
Palisade
Impact
Orius
Folicur
Systhane
Opera
Sphere
Priori Xtra
Stratego
Juno
Opus
Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora
pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado
Nome comercial
Nome comum
Agrupamento3
Dose/ha
g de i.a.1
l ou kg de p.c.2
50
0,20
*
***
azoxystrobin
Priori4
azoxystrobin + ciproconazole
Priori Xtra4
60 + 24
0,30
ciproconazole + propiconazole
Artea
24 + 75
0,30
difenoconazole
Score 250 CE
50
0,20
epoxiconazole
Opus
50
0,40
fenarimol
Rubigan 120 CE
30 - 36
0,25 – 0,30
fluquinconazole
Palisade5
62,5
0,25
*
flutriafol
Impact 125 SC
62,5
0,50
***
myclobutanil
Systhane 250
100 - 125
0,40 – 0,50
**
propiconazole
Juno
125
0,50
*
pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole
Opera
66,5 + 25
0,50
***
*
1
g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo
l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial
3
(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%
4
adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea
5
adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal
2
continua
continuação
Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora
pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado
Nome comercial
Nome comum
Agrupamento3
Dose/ha
g de i.a.1
l ou kg de p.c.2
100
0,40
tebuconazole
Orius 250 CE
tebuconazole
Tríade
60 - 100
0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole
Elite
60 - 100
0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole
Rival 200 EC
60 - 100
0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole
Constant
60 - 100
0,30 - 0,50
tebuconazole
Folicur 200 CE
100
0,50
***
tetraconazole
Domark 100 CE
50
0,50
**
tetraconazole
Eminent 125 EW
50
0,40
trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole
Sphere
56,2 +24
0,30
***
trifloxystrobin + propiconazole
Stratego5
50 + 50
0,40
*
1
g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo
l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial
3
(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%
4
adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea
5
adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal
2
***
Spray Technology
N.S. Almeida
Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to
spray techniques
IMPORTANT
Reach the target with an
adequate coverage.
(minimun 60 drops/cm2))
J.T. Yorinori
The Green Bridge Problem
Primavera do Leste, MT – 2003
RESISTANCE
Lesion type TAN – no necrosis
A. Tschanz
J.T. Yorinori
Lesion type RB - reddish brown
A. Tschanz
C.V.Godoy
Resistance:
 There are four major genes: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e
Rpp4
 Resistant cultivars
BRS 134
BRSMS Bacuri
CS 201
FT-2
FT-3
FT-17
FT-2001
Campos Gerais
KIS 601
Ocepar 7
Pirarara
Tianá
Tianá
MTBR 19923
Screening Genotypes
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL
 Crop Management between seasons
o Eliminate volunteer plants
o Avoid a second soybean crop (“safrinha”)
o Avoid winter irrigated soybeans. Need 3-4 sprays
Early sowing with early maturing cultivars = SCAPE
Spray at the right time.
W.M. Paiva
W.M. Paiva
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Soybean Volunteer plant
Kudzu infected with rust and soybeans,
side by side in Paraguai.
Early plantings producing inocula for late plantings
J.T. Yorinori
Scouting and Chemical Control
Plot Sentinels
Susceptible cultivars sowed before normal time
without fungicide treatment
Scouting and Chemical Control
 Make the scouting as large as possible, keeping
more attention to the first sowings and humid areas
 Walking and frequency of sampling:
1. after emergence and intensify after flowering;
2. after evidences of infection in the region
Scouting and Chemical Control
Colect middle and bottom leaves
J.T. Yorinori
J.T. Yorinori
Scouting and Chemical Control
Look for symptoms of rust
Scouting and Chemical Control
Incubate leaves for easy diagnosis
J.T.Yorinori
In case of doubt, send leaves to well trained laboratory for
diagnosis
Laboratories localized in the principal regions
http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta
Rust Dispersion Information System
http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta