COURSE SYLLABUS RNSG 2121 (1:1:0) **********

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COURSE SYLLABUS
RNSG 2121 (1:1:0)
MANAGEMENT OF CLIENT CARE
**********
ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
HEALTH OCCUPATIONS DIVISION
LEVELLAND CAMPUS
SOUTH PLAINS COLLEGE
FALL 2011
RNSG 2121
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
RNSG 2121
Campuses:
Levelland
COURSE SYLLABUS
COURSE TITLE:
INSTRUCTOR:
RNSG 2121 Nursing Management of Client Care
Emily Rider, RN, MSN
OFFICE LOCATION AND PHONE/E-MAIL:
Emily Rider TA 106A; 716-2194, erider@southplainscollege.edu
OFFICE HOURS:
Posted on each instructor's door.
SOUTH PLAINS COLLEGE IMPROVES EACH STUDENT’S LIFE
I.
GENERAL COURSE INFORMATION
A.
Course Description
Exploration of leadership and management principles applicable to the role of the
nurse as a provider of care, coordinator of care and member of a profession. Includes
application of knowledge, judgment, skills, and professional values within a legal /
ethical framework. Utilization of the nursing and management processes through
critical thinking and problem-solving activities will help emphasize accountability,
collaboration, delegation and advocacy and will help the student in making
appropriate decisions. Nursing inquiry, synthesis of ideas, and completion of projects
will inspire new directions for the nursing profession.
B.
Course Learning Objectives (Level III)
Upon satisfactory completion of RNSG 2121, the student will meet all indicated
Level III course educational objectives (designated by numbers within the column
headings) as specifically applied to nursing. In addition, competencies and
foundation skills of SCANS (designated by letters and numbers under the unit title)
WECM (designated by numbers under unit title), and Entry Level competencies of
Texas Graduates of Diploma/Associate Degree Nursing Programs (ELC's) statements
at the level specified and correlated with course (Level III) objectives are found
throughout the unit content within the syllabus.
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RNSG 2121
WECM REQUIRED:
1. Apply principles of management leadership utilizing a systematic problem solving process
and critical thinking skills to plan care for clients and their families.
2. Examine health care delivery within a collaborative, ethical, and legal framework.
Course Specific:
3. Incorporate effective skills of communication and collaboration with clients, families, and/or
groups in a variety of settings (Level III Poc #3).
4. Formulate cost-effective nursing care in collaboration with members of health care team
using critical thinking, problem solving, and the nursing process in a variety of settings
through direct care, assignment or delegation of care. (Level III, Poc #4).
5. Integrate principles of teaching learning for providing information to clients, families, and/or
groups regarding promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health or the process of death
and dying (Level III, Poc #5).
6. Evaluate clinical data, current literature, and responses and outcomes to therapeutic
interventions to make appropriate nursing practice decisions. (Level III, Poc #6).
7. Contribute as a health care advocate to the improvement of health care in the community
(Level III, Moc #1)
8. Coordinate the effectiveness of community resources in the delivery of health care to clients,
families, and/or groups. (Level III, Moc. #2)
9. Coordinate the health care team in delivering care to clients, families, and/or groups (Level
III, Moc #3).
10. Coordinate appropriate referral sources to meet the needs of clients, families, and/or groups
(Level III, Moc #4).
11. Utilize critical thinking and problem solving skills in prioritizing the management and
coordination of all aspects of care (Level III, Moc #5).
12. Evaluate the responsibility for professional and personal growth and development (Level III
Mop #1).
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RNSG 2121
13. Evaluate one's own caring behavior when interacting with clients, families, and members of
health care profession Level III, Mop #4).
C. Course Competencies
Successful completion of this course requires a grade of “C” or better; satisfactory
total grade point average on examinations and assignments, satisfactory achievement
of unit objectives and regular classroom attendance.
D. Accountability
You are nearing graduation. You are about to obtain all rights, responsibilities
and privileges of a professional nurse. A first step in demonstrating your
accountability is being responsible for your professional growth. You are
responsible in completing satisfactorily each objective and assignment. You are
responsible in turning your assignments in to the instructor on or before the due
date. You may email the assignment to the instructor however; you are
responsible to ensure the instructor has received it by the due date. The instructor
is not required to notify you of missing assignments. Failure to turn the
assignment in by the due date will result in course failure.
E. Academic Integrity
Refer to the SPC College Catalog. Refer to the SPC ADNP Nursing student
handbook “Honesty Policy”.
F. Scans and Foundation Skills
Scans and foundation skills found within this course are listed below the unit title and
above the content column of each unit.
F. Verification of Workplace Competencies
External learning experiences (clinicals) provide workplace setting in which students
apply content and strategies related to program theory and management of the
workflow. Successful completion of the Entry Level competencies of Texas
Graduates of Diploma/Associate Degree Nursing Programs (ELC's) statements at the
level specified and correlated with the course (Level Objectives-Refer to Student
Handbook) will allow the student to continue to advance within the program. Upon
successful completion of the program students will be eligible to apply to take the
state board exam (NCLEX) for registered nurse licensure.
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RNSG 2121
II.
SPECIFIC COURSE/INSTRUCTOR REQUIREMENTS
A. TEXTBOOKS AND OTHER MATERIALS
Required Text
Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application:
Bessie L. Marquis and Carol J. Huston 7th Edition
RNSG 2121.001 Syllabus
Additional required material (purchased through the department).
B. Attendance Policy
Punctual and regular class attendance, as stated in the SPC Handbook, is required of all
Students attending South Plains College. There are no excused absences.
Lecture attendance will be monitored according to the student’s contract. Tardy time will
be cumulative throughout the semester.
Refer to the SPC ADNP Student Nurse Handbook to review this policy. In addition,
refer to the attendance policy found in the SPC catalog.
C. Grading Criteria
1. The student will contract for course grade. (see Course Contract) Failure to
complete all aspects of signed grade contract will result in a grade of “D”.
Regardless of additional work completed, the contracted grade will stand as the
final course grade.
2. A student must communicate with the course instructor if unable to take a test on
a scheduled day.
3. There will be a midterm test and a final test.
4. Final Exam is the RN Leadership 1.0. ATI Exam
5. A student must receive a minimum grade of "C" to pass.
6. Grading scales:
A = 90-100
B = 81-89.99
C = 77-79.99
D = 60-76.99
F = below 60
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RNSG 2121
D. Special Requirement
Pre-requisite: BIOL 2402, BIOL 2420, RNSG 1513, RNSG 1160, RNSG 1115,
RNSG 1160, RNSG 1115, RNSG 1441, RNSG 2460, (OR RNSG 2307, 2260).
RNSG 2213, RNSG 2204 with a "C" or better in each.
Course grade of "C" or better is required to pass.
The computer component serves the following function: Provides the opportunity
for students to practice their computer skills in a structured environment. To help
them to develop critical thinking/problem solving skills. Furthermore, practice
helps prepare students for the NCLEX and helps minimize anxieties related to
computer testing. Computer usage is a positive enhancement to theory
components.
III.
IV.
COURSE OUTLINE CONTENT
Unit I:
The Critical Triad: Decision making, Management and Leadership
Unit II:
Roles and Functions in Planning
Unit III:
Roles and Functions in Organizing
Unit IV:
Roles and Functions in Staffing
Unit V:
Roles and Functions in Directing
Unit VI:
Roles and Functions in Controlling
ACCOMMODATIONS
Students with disabilities, including but not limited to physical, psychiatric, or learning
disabilities, who wish to request accommodations in this class should notify the Special
Services Office. In accordance with federal law, a student requesting accommodations
must provide acceptable documentation of his/her disability to the Special Services
Coordinator. For more information, call or visit the Special Services Office in the
Student Services Building, 894-9611 ext. 2529, 2530.
6
UNIT I-LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
W.E.C.M. 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16
SCANS:
C: 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, And 14
F: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17
W.E.C.M. 1,2
Provider of Care
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Member of Profession
2, 5, 6
1, 3, 5
Educational Objectives
1, 3
I. Introduction
A. Syllabus
Utilize assignments, course
syllabus, and learning
experiences to meet the
objectives of the course.
Correlate course objectives and
requirements to plan of study.
Recognize the philosophy and
policies of the ADNP at SPC.
RNSG 2121
Learning
Activities/Evaluation
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Lecture/Discussion Group
Complete Student Contract
Assignments
B. Student
Responsibilities
Assume responsibility for
completion of course
requirements as contracted.
Assess the components of the
management process.
Discuss the evaluation of
leadership and management
theory.
II. The Critical Triad
A. Decision making
B. Management
C. Leadership
Differentiate between
management functions and
leadership roles.
Discuss the need to have highly
integrated well-developed
leadership and management
skills.
Explain the double bind in which
managers are caught because of
their position in the
organizational hierarchy.
7
UNIT I
Content
Educational Objectives
Provider of Care
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Correlate leadership and
management theorists with their
appropriate theoretical
contributions.
Member of Profession
Analyze how future paradigm
shifts in health care may
affect a leader or manager.
Compare and contrast leadership
styles.
Describe the relationship of
nursing roles and skills to the
client care manager role.
Analyze the concept of
leadership in nursing.
III. Classical Views of
Leadership management
List characteristics of a good
leader.
Compare the motivations of a
leader with those of a manager.
Determine the components of
effective leadership.
Explain why leadership is
important for nursing.
RNSG 2121
Learning
Activities/Evaluation
8
UNIT I
Content
Educational Objectives
IV: Twenty First Century
Thinking about leadership
and management.
Provider of Care
List and describe the steps
involved in problem solving.
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Describe the manner in which
divergent and convergent
thinking are used in problems
solving.
Outline steps of decision making.
Identify the critical elements of
decision making.
Discuss the characteristics of a
successful decision-maker.
Describe the importance of the
individual in the decision making
processor
Describe decision-making
strategies for individual and
group use.
Identify standing committees as
being executive advisory, or
working committees.
Analyze two problems in which
an ad hoc committee is needed to
investigate the causes of those
problems and to suggest possible
solutions.
Member of Profession
Evaluate the importance of
critical thinking skills.
Describe how problem
solving is parallel with
critical thinking.
Discuss a decision tree for
making a professional
decision (including problems,
two courses of action, two
states of nature, and expected
payoff).
Describe how a RN is a
manager/leader.
Describe the importance of
the individual in decisionmaking process legally and
ethically
RNSG 2121
Learning
Activities/Evaluation
9
UNIT I I
CONTENT
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
I. Operation and
Strategic Planning
Unit II: Roles and Functions in Planning
PROVIDER OF CARE
MANAGER/COORDINATOR
OF CARE
RNSG 2121
MEMBER OF
PROFESSION
Identify own primary
planning style.
Describe dimensions
of strategic planning.
Describe aspects of
organizational
planning.
II. Planed Change
A. Change Theory
1. Forces
2. Strategic
3. Barriers
B. The leader/Manager
as a role model
during planning
change.
Compare several change
theories.
Identify the
responsibilities of a
change agent.
Identify one example in your
institution/nursing that needs
to be changed.
Compare actions by a manager
to facilitate the following
stages of change:
a. Unfreezing
b. Moving
c. refreezing
Correlate barriers of proposed
change.
Assess driving force for
change in given situations.
Identify strategies to manage
resistance to change.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES/EVALUATION
10
III. Time Management
a. Basic Steps
b. Managing Time
1. At Work
c. Integrating
Leadership/management
Functioning time
management
1. Leadership
Discuss priority levels
Analyze how time is
managed in patient care.
Analyze your work
habits to identify two
common time traps.
List six (6) time traps.
2. Management
Identify internal and external
time wasters.
List seven (7) leadership
roles in time
management.
Discuss interventions to reduce
impact of internal and external
time wasters.
Identify time management
strategies for decreasing low
payoff, low priority activities.
Identify time management
strategies for increasing high
payoff, high priority activities.
Discuss eight management
functions in time management.
11
UNIT II
Unit II: Roles and Functions in Planning
Content
Educational Objectives
IV. Planning
Provider of Care
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Identify leadership roles in fiscal
planning.
 Discuss nine management
functions in fiscal planning.
 Discuss why a budget in
nursing is necessary.
 Discuss the four steps in the
budgetary process.
 Enumerate three major
sections of the budget for a
nursing unit.
 Describe common budgetary
constraints.
 Identify in a nursing unit
budget areas of overspending
that warrant immediate
attention from the
responsible manager.
 Discuss ways to decrease
expenses/costs on your
nursing unit.
 List cost involved in
replacing a nurse who
resigns.
 Differentiate between direct
and indirect labor costs, and
specify one way to reduce
each.
 Differentiate between 4
major types of
budgets(operating, and
capital)
a. Budgets
Define budget.
Analyze cost consciousness in
identifying units/personal needs.
Enumerate ways to decrease costs
to your patients.
RNSG 2121
Member of Profession
Learning Activities/Evaluation
Discuss why nurses need to
be involved in the fiscal
planning.
Describe trends in financing
health care.
Describe how patient
classification systems work.
Define DRG's (Diagnostic
related groups).
Describe the impetus for the
development of diagnostic
related groupings and the
prospective payment system.
Evaluate the current shift in
health care reimbursement
from third party; fee for
services to capitated,
managed care programs.
Delineate the driven force for
managed care movement.
Evaluation
Computer Test
12
UNIT II
Content
Educational Objectives
IV.Career Development
Unit II: Roles and Functions in Planning
RNSG 2121
Provider of Care
1, 4
Describe the common
competencies needed by the new
graduate for patient care.
Manager/Coordinator of Care
1, 2, 5
Describe a variety of
employment opportunities
available to nurses today.
Member of Profession
1, 2, 3, 4
Explore Strategies that might
be used to prevent of alleviate
reality shock.
Discuss indicators that a nurse is
becoming burned-out.
Assess community setting where
a nurse may begin practice.
Discuss the use of clinical
ladders as opportunities for
nurses.
A. Interview
B. Resume
Describe health care delivery in
community agencies.
C. Burnout
Evaluate resources for patients in
the community setting.
Discuss various employment
considerations: insurance,
retirement, etc.
D. Reality Shock
Differentiate between
organizational and personal
responsibilities for employee
career management
Analyze reason for burnout.
Analyze avoidable causes for
nurse turnover.
Describe strategies that might
be used to prevent or alleviate
reality shock.
Identify characteristics of
reality shock.
Learning
Activities/Evaluation
13
UNIT III
Content
Educational Objectives
I. Organizational
Structure
RNSG 2121
Provider of Care
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Describe components of the
informal organization structure
Differentiate between first,
middle and top levels of
management.
Contrast centralized and
decentralized decision-making.
II. Understanding
organizational
political and
person power
List the essential components of
total patient care, team nursing,
primary nursing, and care
management.
III. Organizing PT.
Care
Describe models for patient care
delivery
Staffing needs and
scheduling policies
Differentiate between a task based
and acuity based patient
classification system
Coordinate health care and
referrals.
Compare managed care and ease
management.
Differentiate between centralized
and decentralized staffing.
Assess variables to take into
consideration to evaluate nursing
workloads.
Member of Profession
Describe how the structure of
an organization facilitates or
impedes communication
flexibility, and job
satisfaction.
Describe characteristics of
bureaucracy.
Define power describe types
of power.
Learning Activities/Evaluation
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
14
UNIT IV
Content
Educational Objectives
I. Recruitment
through
orientation and
indoctrination
Roles & Functions in Organizing
Provider of Care
RNSG 2121
Manager/Coordinator of Care
Member of Profession
Formulate two changes in
organizational structure or nurse
manager’s leadership that would
foster nurse retention.
Formulate steps of a
recruitment plan for attracting
new graduates and
experienced nurses.
Delineate the relationship
between recruitment and
retention.
Differentiate between legal
and illegal interview inquires.
Compare the roles of mentor,
preceptor, and role model.
Explain why experienced
nurses may have difficulty in
role transition.
II. Socializing and
educating staff
for team
building
Define and describe staff
development.
Identify essential components
involved in socializing
Learning
Activities/Evaluation
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Lecture
15
UNIT V
Content
Educational Objectives
I. Creating
Motivating
Climate
Roles and Functions in Directing
Provider of Care
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Manager/Coordinator of Care
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Analyze strategies for creating a
motivating environment.
Discuss positive reinforcement
technique that may be used by a
manager.
RNSG 2121
Member of Profession
1, 2, 4
Describe the relationship
between motivation and
behavior.
Learning Activities/Evaluation
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Lecture/Discussion
Differentiate between
intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation.
List constraints a manager may
have in creating a climate that
will motivate.
II. Organization
interpersonal
and group
communication
Describe strategies managers
could take to establish clear and
complete communication.
Discuss barriers to effective
organizational
communication.
Evaluate appropriate
communication modes for
specific situation and messages.
Identify standing committees
as being executive, advisory
or working committees.
Differentiate among assertive,
passive, aggressive, and
passive/aggressive
communication.
Analyze two problems in
which an ad hoc committee is
needed to investigate the
causes of those problems and
to suggest possible solutions.
Communicate plan of care and
discharge plan to other members
of health care team.
III. Delegation
IV. Managing Conflict
Discuss techniques to use in
dealing with difficult people.
Identify the stages of conflict.
Evaluation:
Identify common factors that
lead to conflict.
Computer Test
16
Discuss methods to resolve
conflict.
Discuss win-win conflict
resolution outcomes.
Identify the functional and
dysfunctional results of various
methods of conflict resolution.
Describe successful negotiation
strategies.
Identify the components of
effective collaborations
17
UNIT VI
Content
Educational Objectives
I. Quality Control
Roles and Functions in Controlling
Provider of Care
1, 3, 6
Discuss how one can use TQM or
CQI to improve client care.
Manager/Coordinator of Care
1, 2, 3, 5
Define various terms used with
quality improvement.
Compare the types of patient care
audits.
Evaluate data to determine if
standards in a unit are met.
Describe how clinical pathway
tools assist in identifying patient
outcomes.
Discuss appropriate corrective
action when standards are not
met.
RNSG 2121
Learning Activities/Evaluation
Member of Profession
1, 2, 3, 4
Determine appropriate criteria
or standards for measuring
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
quality.
Lecture
Differentiate between different
types of audits.
Discuss how monitoring tools
can improve nursing care
qualify.
Define nursing standards.
II. Performance
Appraisal
Identify performance appraisal
tools for measuring professional
nursing performance.
Discuss the biases that could
influence your ability to do a
fair and objective
performance appraisal.
18
III. Problem
Employees
Describe strategies to assist
employees with special needs to
become productive.
Describe behaviors and actions
that may signify chemical
impairment in an employee.
Discuss the recovery proves
from the chemically impaired.
Identify educational programs
that could be used as staff
development activities for a
nurse in your agency.
Analyze how personal
feelings, values, and biases
regarding chemical
impairment may alter one’s
ability to confront/help the
chemically impaired.
EVALUATION
Computer test
19
RNSG 2121
Appendix A
SOUTH PLAINS COLLEGE
ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING PROGRAM
STUDENT CONTRACT FOR AN “A”
To meet the course objectives, students will:
To assist students to meet the course objectives, the
instructor will:
Satisfactorily complete requirements for grade contract.
Failure to complete all aspects of signed contract will
Post office hours for student conferences and tutoring.
result in a grade of a “D” in RNSG 2121.
Regardless of additional work completed the contracted
grade will stand as the final course grade.
Be in attendance at least 14 of the 15 class days and be
punctual for lectures. Orally participate in classroom
discussions.
Read and turn in review of 3 journal articles related to
nursing leaderships/management.
Complete a resume.
Provide ATI book for use in review for review and
preparation.
Complete a standardized test covering
leadership/management nursing at the end of the semester
Level 3 score.
.
I have read and understand the above policies.
Instructor’s Signature
Student’s Signature
Date
______________________________________________
Printed Name
Date
1. I will apply unit knowledge to outside nurse
managers.
3. 5 questions
20
RNSG 2121
Appendix A
SOUTH PLAINS COLLEGE
ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING PROGRAM
STUDENT CONTRACT FOR AN “B”
To meet the course objectives, students will:
4. To assist students to meet the course objectives,
the instructor will:
Satisfactorily complete requirements for grade contract.
Failure to complete all aspects of signed contract will
Post office hours for student conferences and tutoring.
result in a grade of a “D” in RNSG 2121.
Regardless of additional work completed the contracted
grade will stand as the final course grade.
Complete a resume.
Complete a standardized test covering
leadership/management nursing at the end of the semester
Level 2 score.
Provide ATI book for use in review for review and
preparation.
I have read and understand the above policies.
Student’s Signature
Instructor’s Signature
______________________________________________
Printed Name
Date
Date
1. 1. Additional interactive activity
demonstrations and explaining objectives of
the unit.
3. 4 questions
45
RNSG 2121
Appendix A
SOUTH PLAINS COLLEGE
ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING PROGRAM
STUDENT CONTRACT FOR AN “C”
To meet the course objectives, students will:
Satisfactorily complete requirements for grade contract.
Failure to complete all aspects of signed contract will
result in a grade of a “D” in RNSG 2121.
To assist students to meet the course objectives,
the instructor will:
Post office hours for student conferences and tutoring.
Regardless of additional work completed the contracted
grade will stand as the final course grade.
Complete all assignment as designated including:
Complete a standardized test covering
leadership/management nursing at the end of the semester
Level 1 score.
Provide ATI book for use in review for review and
preparation.
I have read and understand the above policies.
Student’s Signature
Instructor’s Signature
______________________________________________
Printed Name
Date
Date
1. 1. Select 1 unit of ___________________ with an
assigned group to present covering unit objectives
to the class.
2. Complete a resume
3. Write 3 multiple test questions completed with
rational for each possible answer
35
RNSG 2121
GRADING GUIDELINES
36
RNSG 2121
RNSG 2121
CLASS PARTICIPATION
Attendance:
Punctual and regular class attendance is required. There are NO excused
absences. Tardy time will be cumulative throughout the semester.
Class Participation:
A student is expected to participate in class activities/discussion, to not
do other work in class, disrupts class with personal non-class related
verbal or nonverbal activities.
For an “A” the student will attend 14 of 15 class days.
For a “B” the student will attend 13 of 15 class days
For a “C” the student will attend 12 of 15 class days.
37
RNSG 2121
RESUME GUIDELINES
Keep it short and simple. Be concise. Limit to 1 page is best, but if you
have a long work history you might need 2 pages. A spread out 2 pages is
easier to read than a crowded 1 page. If in two (2) pages, leave unstapled.
.
CAPITALIZE and BOLD section headings--EG. OBJECTIVE,
EDUCATION, WORK EXPERIENCE, SKILLS, AWARDS,
ORGANIZATIONS, REFERENCES.
Use bullets, dots, or an asterisk (*) to separate one item from another--EG.
To list skills, duties, responsibilities.
Keep sentences short--start skills with action verbs. Show results. Qualify
your on-the-job accomplishments.
Do not write in paragraphs.
Use simple every day language. Try not to use a lot of abbreviations.
Be specific. Don't be wordy. Don't exaggerate. Avoid using "I".
Use 8.5" by 11" paper. 25% bond bright white is best because it copies
more legibly. White, ivory, gray paper is okay, but avoid flashy paper.
Don't use legal size paper or erasable-bond paper.
Use font style-Times New Roman OR Arial, font size-12 point.
Use one-inch margins.
Single space within sections.
Proof read for spelling errors.
Must be neat and open, not cluttered appearance.
Don't be cute with fancy layout. Do NOT use fancy lines or font.
Create a resume to fit the job you are after.
Don't include frivolous information such as marital status, high school
information, pictures, etc.
Don't label "Resume"
List work in chronological order with most current position first.
38
RNSG 2121
ATI TESTING
The student will take the ATI RN Leadership test at the time designated. Based on the contract
selected the student must score:
Level 3 for “A”
Level 2 for “B”
Level 1 for “”
The student may take another RN Leadership ATI test if needed. On the second test the
following scoring applies:
80% - 100% - Level 1
65% - 80% - Level 2
50% - 65% - Level 3
The tests can be repeated until appropriate level is reached.
39
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