MUSCULAR SYSTEM: MUSCLE TISSUE AND MUSCLES.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, 9TH
EDITION, Chapters # 4, 10 & 11
Lab Manual Exercise # 13
NOTE:
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THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
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THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY
GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR PRACTICUMS /
QUIZZES.
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STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING THEIR
TEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED
DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE
SYLLABUS
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Competency 5: The Muscular System
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Upon successful completion of this course, the student will
be able to understand the gross and microscopic anatomy
of muscles and their physiology by:
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Recognize the three types of muscle tissue.
Describing the location and functions of the microscopic
structures of skeletal muscle.
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TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSSUES
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (MODEL #1)
 MIOFIBRIL (MODEL #2)
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TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUES
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SKELETAL
 CARDIAC
 SMOOTH
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SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
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CELLS- LONG
CYLINDRICAL
STRIATED
MULTINUCLEATED
LOCATION- SKELETAL MUSCLE
COMBINED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE &
NERVOUS TISSUE
FUNCTIONS: 1- MOVE BODY PARTS & STABILIZE THE
POSTURE OF THE SKELETON
2- GUARDS ENTRANCE & EXITS TO THE
DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, & URINARY TRACTS
3- TO GENERATE HEAT
4- TO PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
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CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
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CELLS- ARE SHORT
BRANCHED & STRIATED
SINGLE NUCLEUS (USUALLY)
INTERCONNECTED BY INTERCALATED DISCS
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LOCATION- HEART
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FUNCTIONS: 1- CIRCULATES THE BLOOD
2- MAINTAINS BLOOD (HYDROSTATIC)
PRESSURE
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SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
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CELLS- SHORT
SPINDLE SHAPED
NON STRIATED
A SINGLE CENTRAL NUCLEUS
LOCATION- ENCIRCLES BLOOD VESSELS
IN THE WALLS OF THE DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY
URINARY & REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
FUNCTIONS: 1- MOVES FOOD IN DIGESTIVE TRACT AND
FLUIDS IN THE DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND
REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS
2-CONTROLS DIAMETERS OF RESPIRATORY
PASSAGEWAYS & BLOOD VESSELS
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ORGANIZATION OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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EPIMISYUM
PERIMYSIUM
ENDOMYSIUM
THEY CONVERGE TO FORM: TENDONS
APONEUROSES
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EPIMYSIUM- A DENSE LAYER OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT
SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE MUSCLE.
 IT SEPARATES THE MUSCLE FROM
OTHER TISSUES
 PERIMYSIUM- IT DIVIDES THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE INTO
COMPARTMENT IT SURROUNDS
THE FASCICLES
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FASCICLE- A BUNDLE OF
MUSCLE FIBERS
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MODEL #1(MOTOR UNIT)
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AXON TERMINAL- END PART OF THE AXON OF THE NEURON
F- TO RELEASE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
MUSCLE CELLS OR FIBERS- THE WHOLE STRUCTURE WITHOUT THE
NEURON
F- CONTRACTS TO SHORTEN THE WHOLE MUSCLE
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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION- AREA IN WHICH THE
NEURON & THE MUSCULAR CELL ARE JOINED
(A BUMP IN THE MODEL)
AXON OF THE MOTOR NEURON- (LIKE A SAUSAGE IN THE MODEL)
IT IS A CYTOPLASMATIC EXTENSION OF THE NEURON THAT
CARRIES THE NERVE IMPULSE
MOTOR UNIT- NEURON + MUSCLE CELL OR FIBER
ENDOMYSIUM- IT SURROUNDS THE SARCOLEMMA OR CELL
MEMBRANE (THE ROUGH AREA OUTSIDE)
MYOFIBRILS- THEY ARE FOUND INSIDE THE MUSCLE FIBERS. THEY
CAN NUMBER IN 100’S TO 1000’S AND THEY CONTAIN BUNDLES OF
MYOFILAMENTS
NUCLEUS OF MUSCLE CELL- IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL
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MODEL #2 (MYOFIBRIL)
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MITOCHONDRIA-TO PRODUCE ATP (ENERGY)
 SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM- IT SURROUNDS THE
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MYOFIBRIL
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F- TO STORE CALCIUM FOR MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
 T TUBULE: CARRIES THE NERVE IMPULSE INSIDE MUSCLE
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CELL
 TERMINAL CISTERNA: ENLARGED AREAS OF
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SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM THAT RELEASES
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CALCIUM
 TRIAD: TERMINAL CISTERNA + T TUBULE
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MYOFILAMENTS- PROTEIN FILAMENTS COMPOSED OF
ACTIN & MYOSIN
ACTIN- FORMS THE BULK OF THE THIN FILAMENTS
MYOSIN- FORMS THE THICK FILAMENTS
A BAND- IS DARK AREA COMPOSED MOSTLY OF THICK
FILAMENT AND INCLUDING PORTIONS OF THIN
FILAMENTS THAT INTERCALATE WITH THEM
I BAND- IS LIGHT AREA THAT CONTAINS ONLY THIN
IT FILAMENTS EXTENDS FROM A BAND OF ONE
SARCOMERE TO THE A BAND OF THE NEXT
SARCOMERE
H ZONE- A LIGHTER REGION ON THE MID PART OF THE
A BAND THAT CONTAINS ONLY THICK FILAMENTS
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SARCOMERE- AREA BETWEEN 2 Z LINES
SMALL FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE MUSCLE FIBER
THEY NUMBER MORE OR LESS IN THE 10,000S
LINE Z- IT MARKS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN ADJACENT
SARCOMERES IT IS THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF THE THIN
FILAMENTS
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MARTINI (PG 292)
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CHARTS & MODELS
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TENDONS- LOCATED AT THE END OF THE MUSCLE
THEY JOIN MUSCLES TO BONES
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LIGAMENTS- THEY JOIN BONE TO BONE
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APONEUROSES- FLAT SHEETS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
THAT USUALLY JOIN MUSCLE TO MUSCLE
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GALEA (EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS)
IT CONNECTS FRONTALIS WITH OCCIPITALIS
LUMBAR- IT JOINS MUSCLES OF THE BACK
ABDOMINAL- IT JOINS MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN
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REMEMBER!
GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM
AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS.
SEE INTERACTIVE PHYSIOLOGY CD
ROOM 3326.
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