Chapter 3-6 Review Questions Section 3-1: What is Ecology? 1. What is ecology? ______________________________ 2. What does the biosphere contain? _______________ 3. Complete the table about levels of organization: Level Definition Species A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Community Ecosystem A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities 4. What is the highest level of organization that ecologists study? _________________ 6. How long does energy flow through an ecosystem? ______________________________ 7. Complete the table about feeding relationships: Relationship Description Food Chain Food Web 8. What is a trophic level? ________________________ 9. In a food web, what organisms make up the first trophic level? _________________ 10. What does a consumer in a food chain depend on for energy? ______________________ 11. What is an ecological pyramid? ________________________________________________ Section 3-2: Energy Flow: 1. What are autotrophs? _____________________________ 12. Why is it that only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level? ________________________________________________ 2. What is chemosynthesis? _________________________ 13. What is biomass? ________________________________ 3. Heterotrophs are also called __________________. Section 3-3: Cycles of Matter: 1. Matter moves through an ecosystem in ______________ 4. Plant and animal remains and other dead matter are collectively called ______________. 5. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs: Type Definition Examples Herbivore Cows, rabbits Heterotroph that eats animals Omnivore Humans, bears, crows Detritivore Decomposer 2. What do biogeochemical cycles connect? ____________ 3. Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of ___________________. 4. Circle the letter of each process involved in the water cycle: a. Precipitation b. Evaporation c. Runoff d. Fertilization 5. What are 3 nutrient cycles that play especially prominent roles in the biosphere? a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ c. ____________________________________ 6. In what process do plants use carbon dioxide? _______ 7. Why do all organisms require nitrogen? ________________________________________ 8. What is nitrogen fixation? _________________________ ______________________________ 9. What is denitrification? ____________________________ ____________________________ 10. What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem? _______________________________ Section 4-1: The Role of Climate: 1. Circle the letter of the world’s insulating blanket: a. Oxygen b. The atmosphere c. The oceans d. Solar energy 2. What effect do carbon dioxide, methane, and a few other atmospheric gases have on Earth’s temperature? ________________________________________________ 3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches: a. Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat. b. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. c. Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive. d. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar. 4. When does competition occur? _____________________ ____________________________ 5. What is a resource? ______________________________ 6. What is predation? _______________________________ 7. When predation occurs, what is the organism called that does the killing and eating, and what is the food organism called? _______________; ________________ 8. What is symbiosis? _______________________________ 9. Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships: Class Description of Relationship Mutualism Commensalism 3. What is the greenhouse effect? _____________________ ______________________________ Section 4-2: What Shapes and Ecosystem? 1. Complete the table about factors that influence ecosystems: Type of Factor Definition Examples Biotic factors Abiotic factors 2. What is a niche? _________________________________ Parasitism 10. The organism from which a parasite obtains nutritional needs is called a (an) ________. 11. What is ecological succession? _________________ ______________________________ 12. What is primary succession? _______________________ 13. The first species to populate an area when primary succession begins are called _______________________ Section 4-3: Biomes: 1. What is a biome? _________________________________ Section 4-4: Aquatic Ecosystems: 1. What are the 2 main types of freshwater ecosystems? _______________ and ______________ 2. What is plankton? ________________________________ 3. What are estuaries? ___________________________ 4. Organisms that live attached or near the bottom of the ocean are called _____________ Section 5-1: How Populations Grow: 1. What are the 4 main characteristics of a population? a. ____________________ c. ______________________ b. ____________________ d. ______________________ 2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about populations. a. b. c. d. They can grow rapidly. They can decrease in size. They may stay the same size from year to year. They stay the same size until they disappear. 3. What 3 factors can affect population size? a. _____________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________ 4. If more individuals are born than die in any period of time, how will the population change? _______________ 5. Complete the table about changes in population: Type of Change Definition Resulting Change in Size Immigration Emigration 6. Circle each sentence that is true about exponential growth: a. b. c. d. It continues until the organism covers the planet. It continues at the same rate as resources become less available. It does not continue in natural populations for very long. It continues in natural populations until the birthrate increases. 7. When resources become less available, how does population growth change? ________________________ 8. Circle the letter of each instance when a population’s growth will slow down: a. b. c. d. The birthrate and death rate are the same. The birthrate is greater than the death rate. The rate of immigration is equal to the rate of emigration. The rate of emigration is less than the rate of immigration. 9. What is the carrying capacity of the environment for a particular species? _______________________________ Section 5-2: Limits to Growth: 1. What is a limiting factor? __________________________ ___________________________ 2. What is a density-dependent limiting factor? __________ _________________________ 3. What are 4 density-dependent limiting factors? a. __________________ c. ______________________ b. __________________ d. ______________________ 4. A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size is called a(an) ___________________________. Section 6-1: A Changing Landscape: 1. Increasing demands on what resources come with a growing human population? _______________________ 5. What are examples of density-dependent limiting factors? ________________________________________ 2. True or False: Human activity uses as much energy as all of Earth’s other multicellular species combined. Section 5-3: Human Population Growth: 1. How does the size of the human population change with time? ____________________________________ 3. What 4 human activities have transformed the biosphere? a. ___________________________ b. ___________________________ c. ___________________________ d. ___________________________ 2. Why did the population grow slowly for most of the human existence? ________________________________ 3. Circle the letter of each reason why the human population began to grow more rapidly about 500 years ago: a. b. c. d. Improved sanitation and health care reduced the death rate. Industry made life easier and safer. The world’s food supply became more reliable. Birthrates in most places remained low. 4. Why can’t the human population keep growing exponentially forever? ____________________________ 5. What is demography? _________________________ 6. What factors lower the death rate? _________________ 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about human population growth: a. The demographic transition is complete in China and India. b. The worldwide human population is still growing exponentially. c. Most people live in countries that have not yet completed the demographic transition. d. The demographic transition has happened in the United States. 8. What do age-structure diagrams graph? _____________ 4. What occurred during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800’s? ________________________________________ Section 6-2: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources: 1. Complete the table about types of environmental resources: Type of Resource Definition Examples Renewable resources Nonrenewable resources 2. What is sustainable development? _______________ _______________________________________________ 3. How do human activities affect renewable resources? _______________________________________________ 4. What are 5 characteristics of sustainable use? a. __________________________________ b. __________________________________ c. __________________________________ d. __________________________________ e. __________________________________ 5. What is deforestation and how does it affect soil? _______________________________________________ 9. Plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native are called ___________________ 6. How does the burning of fossil fuels affect air quality? _______________________________________________ 10. What is conservation? ____________________________ 7. What does acid rain contain that kills plants and harms soil? ___________________________________________ Section 6-4: Charting a Course for the Future: 1. Where is ozone concentrated in the atmosphere? ________________________________ Section 6-3: Biodiversity: 1. What is biodiversity? _____________________________ 2. What is causing the problem of ozone depletion? _________________________________ 2. What are 4 ways that human activity can reduce biodiversity? a. ________________________ b. ________________________ c. ________________________ d. ________________________ 3. When does extinction occur? _____________________ 4. A species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction is called a(an) __________________. 5. The process of splitting a habitat into small pieces is called ______________. 6. What is DDT? ___________________________________ 7. What 2 properties of DDT make it hazardous over the long term? a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ 8. What is biological magnification? __________________ _______________________________________________ 3. What is global warming? _______________________________________________