ESSENTIAL QUESTION 1
How do I know something
is moving?
IS THIS PERSON MOVING?
HOW DO I KNOW SOMETHING IS MOVING?
Reference Point: An object
that looks still to an
observer.
Reference Frame: the
surroundings, environment
or background of the
observer.
A reference point must be
inside the observers
reference frame to tell if
something is moving in that
reference frame.
EXPLAIN WHY THE SUN MIGHT BE A GOOD REFERENCE
POINT FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME BUT A POOR ONE
FOR A REALLY LONG TIME OBSERVATION
The Earth is rotating, therefore the sun will be
different positions during the day.
REFERENCE POINT
What would be a
good reference
points in this
picture?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION 2
How do I
calculate the
speed of an
object?
Speed Equation
𝑑
𝑠=
𝑡
Symbol
s
d
t
Name
Speed
Distance
Time
Unit
m/s
m
s
ESSENTIAL QUESTION 3 : WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPEED AND VELOCITY?
Velocity: Speed with a direction.
Velocity can be negative, but speed cannot.
Velocity is calculated using the speed equation.
 When finding velocity, make sure to put a direction on
your unit.
Example Directions: North, West, Up, Left, (-)
To describe the motion of an object on
a moving object, we use resultant
velocity.
Resultant Velocity: The sum
of the velocities acting on an
object.
RESULTANT VELOCITY DIAGRAM
What would an observer on the shore
see in each case?
Velocity
Speed
Rate of
distance over
time
Distance /time
Displacement
of distance
over time
Does not have
has
Direction
Direction
Positive value
only
Positive or
Negative
value
EXAMPLE SPEED AND VELOCITY WORD
PROBLEMS
Example: How far can a dog run if it runs at a rate of 15 m/s for 5
seconds?
Givens:
Equation:
Substitute:
Answer:
S= 15m/s
D= S x T
15 x 5
75 meters
T = 5sec
D=???
EXAMPLE SPEED AND VELOCITY WORD
PROBLEMS
Example: What is the velocity of a car that goes 300 m south in just
10 s?
Givens:
Equation
Substitution
Answer:
Velocity=???
Velocity= distance/ time
300 / 10
30 South
D= 300 m
T= 10 sec
PAGE 60 - EXAMPLE SPEED AND VELOCITY
WORD PROBLEMS
Example: How long does it take a kid to run 420 meters if
they are running at a speed of 6 m/s?
Givens:
Equation
Substitution
Answer:
Time =??
D= 420 m
S= 6 m/s
Time= D/ S
420/6
70 seconds
ESSENTIAL QUESTION 4
What happens when
velocity changes?
Acceleration: The rate
at which velocity
changes.
Centripetal Acceleration:
Acceleration when an object is
going in a circle.
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION DIAGRAM
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN VELOCITY
CHANGES?
When objects fall, they accelerate.
Free Fall: Motion from only the force
of gravity.
Earth’s gravitational acceleration is 9.8
m/s2. ALL objects speed up at this rate.
FREE FALL DIAGRAM
Acceleration Equation
∆𝑣
𝑎=
𝑡
Symbol
a
∆v
t
Name
Acceleration
Change in
Velocity
Time
Unit
m/s2
m/s
s
*If the object slows down, the ∆v is negative.
EXAMPLE ACCELERATION PROBLEMS
A skater decreases there velocity 12 m/s to 9m/s in 3.0
seconds. What is the skater’s acceleration?
Givens:
Equation
Substitution
Answer:
ESSENTIAL QUESTION 6
How can graphs show
motion?
HOW CAN GRAPHS SHOW MOTION?
•The effect of TIME on POSITION (Distance)
•Position (Distance) vs. Time Graph
•Shows where an object is at any point in
time.
POSITION VS. TIME GRAPHS
Position vs. Time
6
Shapes of graphs.
Notes:
Position (m)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2
Time (s)
4
6
HOW CAN GRAPHS SHOW MOTION?
•The affect of TIME on SPEED (Velocity)
•Speed (Velocity) vs. Time
•Shows how fast an object is moving at any
point in time.
SPEED VS. TIME GRAPHS
Speed vs. Time
Shapes of Graphs
6
Notes:
Speed (m/s)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
Time (s)
4
5
6
What to find in the TEXT.





What is a force?
How do forces change the motion of an object?
What is inertia?
What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?
What is Net Force?
BACKGROUND
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English
scientist and mathematician famous for his
discovery of the law of gravity also discovered
the three laws of motion. He published them
in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (mathematic principles of
natural philosophy) in 1687. Today these
laws are known as Newton’s Laws of Motion
and describe the motion of all objects on the
scale we experience in our everyday lives.
“If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has
been owing more to patient attention, than to any
other talent.”
-Sir Isaac Newton
NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION
1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an
object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration
(F = ma).
3. For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
WHAT DOES THIS
MEAN?
Basically, an object will “keep doing what it
was doing” unless acted on by an
unbalanced force.
If the object was sitting still, it will remain
stationary. If it was moving at a constant
velocity, it will keep moving.
It takes force to change the motion of an
object.
WHAT IS MEANT BY
UNBALANCED FORCE?
If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said
to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in
motion. If they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are
unbalanced and the motion of the object changes.
SOME EXAMPLES FROM
REAL LIFE
A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It
takes an unbalanced force of a kick
to change its motion.
Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both
exerting equal force on the rope in opposite
directions. This balanced force results in no change
of motion.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW IS ALSO
CALLED THE LAW OF INERTIA
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of
motion
The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass
an object has, the more inertia it has (and the harder it is to
change its motion).
MORE EXAMPLES FROM
REAL LIFE
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a
long line of boxcars that were sitting at
rest. Since the boxcars are so massive,
they have a great deal of inertia and it
takes a large force to change their
motion. Once they are moving, it takes
a large force to stop them.
On your way to school, a bug
flies into your windshield. Since
the bug is so small, it has very
little inertia and exerts a very
small force on your car (so small
that you don’t even feel it).
IF OBJECTS IN MOTION TEND TO
STAY IN MOTION, WHY DON’T
MOVING OBJECTS KEEP MOVING
FOREVER?
Things don’t keep moving forever because
there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows
down and stops because of the force
of friction.
If you throw a ball upwards it will
eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity.
In outer space, away from gravity and any
sources of friction, a rocket ship launched
with a certain speed and direction would
keep going in that same direction and at that
same speed forever.
NEWTON’S SECOND
LAW
Force equals mass times acceleration.
F = ma
Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly an
object is changing speed.
WHAT DOES F = MA
MEAN?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration.
Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain
acceleration. This ball has a certain force.
Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the
mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma says
that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball.
Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the
original acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will
again have twice the force of the ball at the original
acceleration.
MORE ABOUT F = MA
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you
double the acceleration, you double the force.
What if you double the mass and the acceleration?
(2m)(2a) = 4F
Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the
force.
So . . . what if you decrease the mass by half? How
much force would the object have now?
WHAT DOES F = MA SAY?
F = ma basically means that the force of an object
comes from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very massive (high mass)
that’s changing speed very slowly (low
acceleration), like a glacier, can still
have great force.
Something very small (low mass) that’s
changing speed very quickly (high
acceleration), like a bullet, can still
have a great force. Something very
small changing speed very slowly will
have a very weak force.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
For every force acting on an object, there is an equal
force acting in the opposite direction. Right now,
gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but
Newton’s Third Law says your seat is pushing up
against you with equal force. This is why you are
not moving. There is a balanced force acting on
you– gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.
THINK ABOUT IT . . .
What happens if you are standing on a
skateboard or a slippery floor and push against
a wall? You slide in the opposite direction
(away from the wall), because you pushed on
the wall but the wall pushed back on you with
equal and opposite force.
Why does it hurt so much when you stub
your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a
rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on
your toe. The harder you hit your toe against
it, the more force the rock exerts back on your
toe (and the more your toe hurts).
REVIEW
Newton’s First Law:
Objects in motion tend to stay in motion
and objects at rest tend to stay at rest
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s Second Law:
Force equals mass times acceleration
(F = ma).
Newton’s Third Law:
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
VOCABULARY
Inertia:
the tendency of an object to resist changes
in its state of motion
Acceleration:
•a change in velocity
•a measurement of how quickly an object is
changing speed, direction or both
Velocity:
The rate of change of a position along
a straight line with respect to time
Force:
strength or energy
Friction
What creates friction?
Roughness between two surfaces creates friction.
1. Roughness of the surface
2. Force between the two surfaces
Friction
Static friction
The object is NOT moving
Kinetic Friction
The object is moving
Kinetic friction
Sliding friction
Two dry surfaces
Rolling Friction
One surface rolls over
another surface
One of the surfaces is either
gas or liquid