Chapter 17
THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
ITALY BIRTHPLACE OF THE RENAISSANCE

Renaissance – “rebirth”, in context…
the revival of art and learning from
classical Greek and Roman culture.

Medici Family – banking family that
ruled Florence, Italy during much of
the Renaissance.

They allowed for art and education to
flourish during their reign and helped to
spread the Renaissance across Europe.
RENAISSANCE

Humanism – intellectual movement that focuses on human
potential and achievements.

Secular – worldly rather than spiritual.

Patrons – financial supporters of a business or cause.

Perspective – three dimensions on a flat surface (height,
width, and depth), uses a vanishing point to show depth.

Vernacular – using ones native language, rather than Latin
or a common language.
HUMANISTS

Influenced artists and architects to carry on
classical Greek and Roman values.

Popularized classical education subjects like,
history, literature, and philosophy.
 These
are referred to as the “Humanities”.
SECULAR SPIRIT

The Renaissance was not a church event, it
was a social event in the spirit of worldly ideas
and what people could get out of life right now,
rather than planning for salvation.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ME A RENAISSANCE
MAN OR WOMAN?

Renaissance Man – a man who is highly educated,
creates art, excels in many areas of study, dances,
sings, plays music, and writes poetry. As well as a
skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman.

Renaissance Woman – expected to know the
classics (educated) and be charming as well as
inspire art from men (were not expected to make
their own art).
THE ART OF NINJA TURTLES, OR REAL
RENAISSANCE ARTISTS!!!

Michelangelo Buonarroti – sculptor, painter, poet, and architect. Most
famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture
“David” (the nude one).

Donatello – made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and
expressions that revealed personality. Most famous for sculpture of “David”
(not the nude).

Leonardo da Vinci – painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. Is the best
example of a “renaissance man”. Painted the Mona Lisa and sketched a
very early helicopter called an ornithopter.

Raphael Sanzio – created large murals on Pope Julius II’s library; also used
perspective in many of his other works.
IDEAS OF MACHIAVELLI

Machiavelli tried to understand the
imperfect conduct of human
beings.

Wrote “The Prince”, which
explained how rulers can get power
and keep it in spite of their
enemies.

Believed that all people are selfish,
fickle, and corrupt.
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

Renaissance ideas spread from Italy northward
into Northern Europe.

Flanders, Belgium becomes the artistic center
for Northern Europe.

Absolute Monarchs in Northern Europe also
decide to embrace the arts.
UTOPIA

A Christian humanist by the name of Thomas
More wrote a book called “Utopia”, which
meant “no place” in Greek.

Utopia in English became known as the place
in which More wrote about in this book, or an
ideal place.
THE ELIZABETHAN AGE

As the Renaissance spread to England in the
mid 1500’s, it was dubbed; “The Elizabethan
Age” after Queen Elizabeth I.

William Shakespeare –greatest playwright of all
time.
 Had
a masterful command of the English language
and a deep understanding of human beings.
JOHANN GUTENBURG

Johann Gutenburg - improves Chinese printing
methods of the time with the Printing Press.

The printing press was 500 times quicker than
having a copyist hand copy a book.

The mass printing of The Bible helped the people
of Europe educate themselves in the way of
theology.
CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

Renaissance values of Humanism and
secularism led people to question the Church.

Printing Press helped to spread ideas that were
critical of the Church.

Many monarchs viewed the Pope as a foreign
ruler that challenged their power.
CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION (CONT.)

Some Church leaders had become worldly and
corrupt.

Many people found practices like the sale of
indulgences unacceptable.
EARLY CALLS FOR REFORM

John Wycliffe and Jan Has both argued that the
Bible had more religious authority than Church
leaders in the late 1300’s.

Humanist authors like Desiderius Erasmus and
Thomas More added dissenting opinions about
the Church.
LUTHER CHALLENGES THE CHURCH

Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher in the
Catholic Church.

Luther’s intentions was to correct problems
within the church, not to start a religious
revolution.

Posting of the 95 Theses
95 THESES

95 Theses - 95 formal statements attacking the practice
of selling indulgences and other church practices.

He called priests that sold indulgences, “pardonmerchants”

He posted these statements on the door of the castle
church in Wittenburg, Germany

Someone quickly took Luther’s words and took them to
a printer
RESULTS OF THESES

Luther’s name becomes synonymous with the
Reformation, which was a movement for
religious reform.

Reformation leads to the founding of Christian
Church’s that did not recognize the Pope’s
authority, also known as Protestant Churches.
MORE MARTIN LUTHER

After a while Luther embraced the idea of a
revolution of the Church.

His reform ideas rested on 3 main principles:
People could only win salvation through faith and God’s
gift of forgiveness.
 All Church teachings should be clearly based on the
words of the Bible.
 All people of faith were equal, and did not need
someone to interpret the Bible for them.

PUSHBACK FROM CHURCH OFFICIALS

Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he
recants (takes back) his statements.

Luther responds by burning Leo X’s likeness, and is
excommunicated as a result.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V calls Luther to the town of
Worm (vawrmz) and tells Luther to recant his statements,
Luther refuses.

The Edict of Worms (varms) - proclaims Martin Luther as a
heretic and makes it illegal to house Luther or give him food.
LUTHER’S IDEAS ARE PUT TO TASK

A new church organization is formed named the
Lutheran Church for Martin Luther and his
religious followers.

Protestant Churches or Churches that were
loyal to Luther and were protesting an
agreement between European Monarchs to
remain loyal to the Pope.
ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT

Henry VIII – Catholic King of England during the
early to mid 1500’s.

Need for a male heir

Henry VIII’s first wife Catherine of Aragon only gave
him a daughter and Catherine being 42 Henry
gave up on her being able to produce a male child,
so he decided to annul their marriage and marry a
younger woman.
POPE’S REACTION TO HENRY’S REQUEST

Henry’s request for a marriage annulment was
denied by the Pope.
 The
Pope did not want to offend Catherine’s
powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V.

Henry asks Parliament to pass a set of laws
that ended the Pope’s power in England.
HENRY VIII (CONT.)

Parliament officially ends its relationship with the
Pope under the Act of Supremacy, this allowed
Henry to annul his marriage to Catherine of
Aragon.

In 1533 Henry secretly marries a younger woman,
Anne Boleyn who was in her 20’s.

Anne Boleyn also cannot produce Henry a male
heir and is eventually charged with treason and
beheaded.
HENRY’S 3RD WIFE

Henry’s third marriage is to a woman named
Jane Seymour.

Seymour gives Henry a male heir by the name
of Edward VI and she dies two weeks later.

Henry marries 3 more times, none of which
produce any more children.
HENRY’S 3 CHILDREN TAKE TURNS

Edward VI – Protestant Church remains strong as
Edward rules for 6 years before resigning. He was
still a boy when he resigned, he was 16.

Mary I – daughter of Catherine of Aragon, restores
Catholic Church to England, then dies in 1558.

Elizabeth I – daughter of Anne Boylen, restores
Protestant Church, and establishes the Church of
England (an Anglican Church).
CALVINISM

John Calvin believed that men and women were
sinful by nature.

Believed that God chose a few “elect” people to
save and that God knew who these people were
since the beginning of time.


This was called Predestination.
The religion based on John Calvin’s teachings
became known as Calvinism.
JOHN CALVIN

Calvin believed the ideal government was a
theocracy
 Theocracy
– government controlled by religious
leaders.

Geneva, Switzerland asks Calvin to rule their
self governing city.
JOHN KNOX

A Scottish preacher by the name of John Knox
visits Geneva and witnesses the strict rules
under John Calvin.

Knox’s followers become known as
Presbyterians from the word “presbyters” or the
group of laymen that governed community
churches in Scotland.
ANABAPTISTS

Anabaptists is a group that decided that only
adults that decided to be Christian should be
Baptized.

Children that were Baptized at birth could
chose to be “baptized again” in Greek
Anabaptists.
COUNTER REFORMATION

In response to all of the members the Catholic church lost to
these new denominations, they decided to have a Counter
Reformation.

This Catholic Counter Reformation was led by Ignatius of
Loyola.

Ignatius’ followers were known as Jesuits short for the
Society of Jesus.

The Counter Reformation was an attempt to correct the
practices of the old Catholic Church and win back followers.
2 POPES ATTEMPT TO REFORM

Paul III and Paul IV

Paul III called a council of church leaders in Trent,
Italy


Council of Trent – Catholic bishops and agreed on
several doctrines.
Paul IV – burned offensive books on a list called
“The Index of Forbidden Books”.
COUNCIL OF TRENT
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
 Christians needed faith AND good works for
salvation.
 The Bible and Church tradition were equally
important.
 Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but
false selling of indulgences was banned.
