Name: ________________________________ Date: _________________
Per: ____________
Chapter 22: Asian Transitions in an era of Global Change
AP World History II
European Arrival
Vasco de Gama and his Portuguese crew arrive in ____________ in _____________
Found a sea route around _____________
Portugal, not ______________!
Initial trading in ____________________
Asians weren’t interested in __________________-made goods
Asians were, however, ready to trade for silver _________________!
Europeans realize that the _____________________ arrived in Southern Asia well before they did!
Asian Sea Trade Network
___________ Main Zones
___________: Arab Zone-glass, carpet, and tapestry making.
Center: _________________ Zone-superb cotton textiles.
East: __________________ Zone-paper, porcelain, and silk textiles.
Places like Japan, East Africa, and South East Asia were known to contribute ___________ ________________.
Come from places like ____________________ (known for Spices).
Indonesian _______________________
Spices, ivory from _____________________
European Arrival
There were two characteristics of the trading system that needed to be understood by the _________________
First…NO ________________________ CONTROL
Second…_____________________ force was absent from commercial exchanges
_____________________: one who taught that a state’s power depended heavily on the amount of precious
metals a monarch had.
Trading along the Asian network was therefore going to be ______________________
It would enrich and strengthen merchants and rulers from rival kingdoms (__________________)
De Gama turns to _____________________ instead of peaceful trading.
Creates __________________- payments along the coast
Portuguese were united in their drive for ____________________ and religious converts.
Portuguese trading empire
Establish control over key Asian products, particularly ___________________, such as cinnamon
Resistance, poor _______________, __________________, and shipping losses take a heavy toll on the empire
by the end of the 16th century.
English and ___________________ compete to win control over the trading system
The Dutch are the victors (short-term), and the English fall-back to ______________________
Dutch Trading Empire
Fortified towns and ___________________- (supply)
__________________ on patrol
________________ control over limited products
More efficient than the _____________________
Inland…
Asians were able to defend territory much better on the interior, on the mainland and on _______________.
Europeans found themselves to be not as effective on _________________-warfare for trading empires.
Spanish conquest of _____________________ in 1560s (Philippines)
Muslim rulers resist on the southern island of ____________________
Spreadin’ the faith…
Spread of __________ Catholicism was a major force in the Europeans thrust into the _________ trade network.
Initial indifference and open __________________
India appeared to be one of the more promising fields for __________________.
Some learn different _____________________
Adopted ___________________ diets
Aimed at converting upper-__________ _________, who would then set the example for lower-class
(untouchables, etc.)
Conversion
Conversion only occurred in __________________ areas
Somewhat successful on the Northern islands of the ____________________.
Friars built new settlements with town ____________________ where the church was located.
Represents a mix of Christian and _________________ ways
China and the Ming Dynasty
Restoration of ethnic Chinese rule under the ________________ Dynasty (1368-1644)
Largest _____________ of any civilization of the time
Renewed ________________-/_________________ growth
Europeans use New World ______________ to pay for goods
High degree of ___________________
Large numbers of skilled __________________- and artisans
Centralized __________________
China and the Ming Dynasty-Hongwu
Zhu Yuanzhang declares himself the ___________________ Emperor
First Ming _____________________
Hongwu=“Vast ___________________”
Wants to rid China of all traces of the “____________________” ___________________
Mongol _______________ was discarded
Mongol ______________ were dropped
Mongol palaces were ______________________
Return of the ___________________-Gentry
Somewhat suspicious of this class because of his _________________ upbringings
Scholars versed in __________________ classics were appointed to high positions in government
______________________________________ system was reinstated
Abolished the position of chief __________________
Instituted Public _______________ for bureaucrats found guilty of _____________ and incompetence
Hongwu tries to cut down on factionalism and _________________ that eroded power from earlier Dynasties
Exiled all potential rivals to the throne to estates in the _____________________
Forbade them to be involved in _____________________ affairs
Thought control-deleted sections of __________________ writings
Introduced measures to improve lives of _______________________
___________________ works projects
Unoccupied land would become the tax-exempt property of those who _____________ and ______________ it
China and the Ming Dynasty
Women: ______________________ to men as per Confucianism.
Played role in Hongwu’s __________________
Hundreds/Thousands of women would wait at the palace to be seen by the emperor as one of his
________________
Status was defined as to their ability to bear ____________________ children
Ming China
Territory controlled was not as _________________________ as in the T’ang Dynasty
Commercial and ______________________ boom began in the ____________ Dynasty was continued
Spanish and Portuguese _____________ contacts imports _________________ from the New World
From the ______________ highlands
___________________, sweet potatoes, peanuts
Grown on inferior soil with little _______________________
Cultivation spread quickly through _____________________ areas
Food crop importation is key to hedging famine amongst HUGE _______________________ growth
Commercial growth:
Advanced handicraft _____________________
_____________ textiles
____________
Fine __________________
Balance of trade was VERY MUCH in _______________________ favor
Arab, Asian, and now European traders arrive at ______________ and __________________
These are the only two places where _________________ were allowed to do business in Ming China
Merchants make lots of money in this trade
_____________________ paid to scholar-gentry (bribes, too)
Merchants invested more in _____________________
Ming prosperity was reflected in the fine ____________________
Development of Chinese ________________________ (the Novel)
Between 1405 and 1423 China launched a series of impressive ____________________- at Sea
During ___________________ reign
Went to Southeast Asian kingdoms, _________________, southern Arabia, East Africa
___________________ expeditions
__________ ships (4 for De Gama, 3 for Columbus)
28,000 sailors, ________________, soldiers
__________________ foot long ships
China had the capacity to expand at least a century before the Europeans rounded the __________________.
After 1400, China aims to LIMIT China’s overseas _________________________
Ming war fleet dramatically _____________________
As the Chinese shut themselves in, the Europeans were irresistibly drawn to the Middle Kingdom for __________.
Some scholars show interest in __________________, but never took a real hold on the court, or the people.
Ming China-Decline
Highly centralized, ___________________ structure developed by Hongwu and continued by Yunglo could not be
continued.
Official _____________________
Isolation of ________________ rulers
Public works projects fall into ____________________.
Floods, droughts, ___________________ afflict the land
Increased foreign threats, mostly by the _________________
The last emperor of the Ming, __________________, commits suicide as the walls of the Forbidden City are
scaled by rebels…the Dynasty ends in 1644.
Japan
Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333, establishment of the ________________ under Minamoto no Yoritomo
Ashikaga Shogunate: 1336-1573, weaker with most of the power lying in the hands of regional _____________
By 1500’s, continual ______________ war amongst the Daimyo
Three able-military leaders were needed to restore __________________ and order
Oda Nobunaga used ______________________ that Japan had gained from the Portuguese in the 1540s.
Deposed the last of the Ashikaga Shoguns in ___________________
By 1580 he puts most of ___________________ island under his command
Killed in 1582
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (one of Nobunaga’s Generals) moved to ______________ those who betrayed Nobunaga and
renewed the drive to break the power from the Daimyo.
Ruled most of Japan by ____________________
Launched two attacks on _________________ in 1592 and 1597 with almost 150,000 soldiers
No real success…
Dies in ____________________
Tokugawa Ieyasu concentrates on ______________________ power at home.
By 1603 he was granted power as Shogun by the __________________Beginning of the ________________________________________
Ends civil wars, brought the semblance of political unity to the __________________
Rules from ___________________ (later to be, Tokyo)
The Tokugawa Shogunate
_______________________ had increasing contact with the Japanese throughout the warring period
Brought goods traded in _________________, China, and SE Asia
Exchanged for _____________________, copper, pottery, etc.
Traders and missionaries brought ____________, printing presses, and other western devices, like clocks
Contacts with Europeans changed warfare (guns), and led to increased ________________________ contacts
with China, Korea, Philippines, and Siam
Conversion (before Tokugawa)
Jesuits employ the top-down model of impressing the _____________ (in this case, Nobunaga in the 1570s)
Convert many of the ______________________
Nobunaga himself was said to be at the verge of ______________________-.
Hundreds of thousands of converts by the early ___________________
Hideyoshi though, was ______________________ of the Europeans, and saw the writing on the wall…
Commercial and Military ventures first…then _____________________ the islands
Conversion is cut short in the ___________________
Tokugawa Isolationism
Beginning in the 1580’s, amid skepticism about the intentions of the Europeans official measures are taken to
_____________________ foreign activities in Japan.
Christian ________________________ are ordered off the islands by Hideyoshi
Ieyasu continues the persecution and bans _________________________ by 1614.
______________________________ are hunted, killed, or expelled.
Japanese Christians were required to renounce their ____________________, or face imprisonment,
torture and execution.
1630: All Japanese ships were _______________________ to trade, or even sail overseas
1640s: Only a limited number of ______________ and Chinese chips were allowed to trade on the island of
_______________________, in Nagasaki Bay.
______________________ export was restricted
Western ______________________ banned
Foreigners were permitted to live and travel only to VERY ______________________ areas.
By the 1650s total ______________________________ was almost complete.
Emphasis on _______________________ unique historical experience