Name: ______________________________
Date :______________
Per: ________
AP World History I
Chapter 6: The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
th
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Arabian World in the 7 Century
Most of the area is covered by ____________________
_________________ culture had developed throughout Arabia
A form of _______________ life
Nomadic _________________
Areas adjacent to the Red Sea had ______________ towns that developed which would play a role in
later ________________ exchanges.
The cities of __________ and _______________ were greatly influenced and often founded by
Bedouin traders.
The Arabian World
Social Organization was similar to those of other _____________ peoples
– Kin-related _______________ groups
– ________________ (Sheiks) were leaders of the tribes and clans
• Most usually men with large ____________, several wives
– ___________________ enforce the wishes of the Shaykhs
– Slave families also worked for the _________________
______________ was common between rival clans, specifically due to the marginal nature of the
environment
Cycle of __________________ (small-but, bloody)
– Clan __________________ (100’s of years)
• Death of one warrior
• __________________ needed
• Revenge killings lead to __________________
– This leads to constant __________________, but more importantly, the Bedouins are
manipulated by __________________ powers
__________________ was a trading city that flourished during the trade between the Mediterranean
and Asia
– Founded by the __________________ clan, of the __________________ Bedouin tribe
– Mecca’s status was elevated because it was the site of the __________________, a preIslamic religious shrine
• The Ka’ba was supposedly first built by __________________, then later
reconstructed by __________________ (Ibrahim) and his son
__________________ (Ismail)
• This shrine was used as a source of truce in the __________________
feuds, allowing merchants to go to Mecca and trade without
__________________
The City of __________________, later to be known as __________________ was northeast of
Mecca
Established in an __________________
Medina was engaged in the long-distance __________________ trade that passed through the Arabian
Peninsula, but less so than Mecca
In contrast to __________________ dominated Mecca, Medina’s control was contested among two
__________________ and three Jewish clans.
– Quarrels hurt Medina __________________
– BUT, __________________ would use this division to help the survival of the Islamic
faith
The Arabian World…women
Pre-Islamic Arabian women enjoyed a __________________ status than most in neighboring civilized
centers (Byzantine/Sassanian)
Many tribes traced descent through the mother (__________________)
– Unlike Syria and Persia, a woman’s advice was highly regarded in
__________________ and tribal councils.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
__________________ equal to men (could not claim glory as warriors)
Status varied from clan to clan
In cities and towns, women enjoyed __________________ status
– __________________ lines
– Male __________________ /female __________________
Pre-Islamic Arabian World
Arab material culture was __________________ developed
Oral transmission of __________________ (no written language, yet)
Religion was a blend of __________________ and __________________
– The Quraysh recognized a supreme god known as __________________, but rarely
prayed or sacrificed to/for him…focus on spirits who had more focus on their daily
lives.
Muhammad
Born around 570 CE into a prominent clan in the __________________ tribe, the Banu Hashim
After losing his father before birth and his mother shortly after, Muhammad found himself living in
Mecca in his 20s as a trader for __________________
Exposed him to the __________________ world
Increased __________________ exposed the economic gap between clans
Muhammad would have been very aware of the undercurrents of religious tension throughout the
Arabian peninsula
– Stressing __________________
– __________________ with the old gods
Muhammad became distracted and dissatisfied with a life focused on __________________ gain…
– Increased time in __________________
By 610, he received the first of many revelations which his followers believe were transmitted from
Allah to Muhammad through the angel __________________.
– They were later written in Arabic and collected in the __________________
At first, his following was __________________ …
In time, Umayyad notables noticed him, and saw what he was preaching as a threat…
The new faith that Muhammad was preaching threatened to supplant the gods of the
__________________
Moreover, members of his own clan plotted to __________________ him
Muhammad had developed a reputation for being a skillful and fair __________________, which
could help him as he seeks refuge…
Muhammad is invited to __________________, which was almost in a state of civil war.
In 622, Muhammad and his small band of followers successfully flee to Medina
This becomes known as the __________________, or flight to Medina. This represents year ONE on
the Muslim Calendar.
In Medina…
He settles the quarrels between the various __________________ clans
His Wisdom and Skill as a political leader win him new followers…
To the Umayyad clan leaders…this was now a __________________ threat…
– Muhammad was preaching a __________________ inconsistent with how they made
money!
– Muhammad was now __________________ their chief rival city find stability!
Muslims launched attacks on Meccan __________________
The Quraysh then launch attacks on __________________
– During battles, Muhammad proves himself to be an able leader and courageous fighter.
– Treaty with the __________________ in 628, which also allowed Muhammad and
followers to visit the __________________ during the time of truce
– By this time, Muhammad had around __________________ followers
Back to Mecca…
In 629, Muhammad and his followers return to __________________.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
He and his followers smash the __________________ of the shrine and the conversion of the
Umayyads had begun!
Islam
Early on, Muhammad relies on the faith being adopted by town dwellers and Bedouins with which he
had grown up.
Parallel with __________________ who relied on Jewish converts…
What did Islam offer Arabians?
__________________ that belonged to no single tribe
Transcended clan and class __________________
Distinctly ____________in origin, and yet, the equal in faiths in comparison to Christians and Jews.
NO __________________ between the people and God.
– God was one…no saints, and angels were __________________
Offered an end to the __________________ and feuds
The __________________, or community of the faithful transcended old tribal boundaries
– __________________ unity…
– With unity, the Bedouins found energy not towards warring against each other, but in
conquering land and territory in the name of __________________.
Provided an ethical system
– Dignity of __________________ before Allah
– Responsibility of the well-off to provide for the poor and weak. The
__________________ was a tax for charity.
Beliefs of Islam
Islam shares many beliefs of the earlier __________________ religions of Judaism and Christianity
– Accepts the __________________
– Muhammad believes he receives a refinement of these earlier revelations and they are
the last divine instructions for human __________________ and worship.
The __________________ OF FAITH
– Confession of faith: There is one God, __________________
– Pray 5 times a day facing __________________
– Fast during the month of __________________
– The __________________
– The __________________, or pilgrimage to the Holy City of Mecca and to the Ka’ba (if
you can)
After Muhammad
Muhammad dies in __________________ CE (suddenly)
Many __________________ the Islamic faith, and it threatens to vanish…
In time, __________________ leaders take over (amidst considerable quarrels over who should
succeed Muhammad) and begin a stunning military campaign to spread Islam beyond the Arabian
Peninsula
This was a largely __________________ conquest under the guise of Islam…very little concern in
conversion
When Muhammad died, there was no appointed __________________, nor a method by which to
appoint a successor.
Opinion in the Muslim community was __________________.
On the afternoon of his death, clan leaders met to choose a __________________, or political and
religious successor to Muhammad.
– Ali, cousin, and son-in-law to Muhammad was passed over because he was too
__________________.
– This would be a source of great __________________ soon
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Caliph…
__________________ was chosen as the first __________________ in 632 CE
– One of Muhammad’s closest __________________ and earliest followers
– Courage, warmth, and __________________
– Well-versed in the __________________ histories of the Bedouin tribes
– Was Caliph from __________________
Abu Bakr and Caliphs
Abu Bakr was able to use his military commanders well, turning back attacks on Mecca, and then
turned north of the Arabian Peninsula, conquering Iraq and Syria, and east into __________________.
Initial assaults against the __________________ and Persian empires were successful
Combined __________________ forces, joined by peoples in the Fertile Crescent turned to begin
attacks on the two empires to their East and West.
Motives…
The Wars which initially expanded the Arabs beyond the Peninsula were __________________
necessarily motivated by a desire to spread the __________________
– Muslims were exempted from __________________ levied on other groups
– They would have to __________________ with other Muslims
Thus, the concept of the __________________, or holy war, launched to spread the faith
misrepresents the forces behind early Arab expansion
The Arab Conquests
The __________________ (Persian) Empire proved to be weak
– __________________ lacked popular roots
– Emperor was __________________
– By 651, the last Emperor was __________________
Muslims received support against the Byzantine Empire from __________________ and Nestorians,
who were __________________ residing in Syria and Egypt.
– They resented the rule of the __________________ Byzantines, who taxed them heavily
– They realized that the __________________ would accept them more, and tax them less
The Arab Conquests
The __________________ were hurt badly by Arab assaults
– Syria, western Iraq, and __________________ were taken by the Arabs
– Egypt (including __________________) was taken
– __________________ fleets were rivaling the once mighty Byzantine control of the
Eastern Mediterranean by the mid-640s.
– Muslims conquered lands in North Africa, the __________________ Islands, and even
southern __________________.
Divisions in the Muslim Community
__________________ takes over as Caliph between 634-644 following the death of Abu Bakr
– It is during Umar reign that the conquests of the __________________ and Byzantine
empires take place
– In 637, Umar signs a treaty with the Byzantine __________________ and takes over
Jerusalem, entering the city __________________.
– Umar is __________________ in 644 by a __________________ Slave
The Islamic community was still divided on the issue of __________________
– The conquests helped to hide the __________________, but,
– Soon, divisions arose over how to divide the __________________ of war
The Third Caliph, __________________, from the (former enemy of Muhammad)
__________________ Clan was murdered.
When Uthman was murdered, supporters of __________________ (related to Muhammad)
proclaimed him to be the new caliph.
The __________________ clan denied this, and were upset because Ali failed to punish Uthman’s
assassins.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
__________________ erupted…
Most Arabs were on the side of Ali, a famous warrior and experienced __________________.
Umayyad support was centered on Syria and Mecca
Ali
Ali was about to defeat the forces at the Battle of __________________ in 657, but he was won over
by a plea to mediate.
– During this time, the __________________ forces regrouped…retaking Egypt
In 660, Mu’awiya, the new leader of the Umayyads, was proclaimed caliph in __________________
…directly challenging Ali.
__________________ would be assassinated a year later.
His son, __________________, was pressured into renouncing claims to the caliphate.
Divisions persist…
Sunni Muslims
Back the Umayyads claim to the __________________.
Believe influential leaders in the Muslim __________________ should become Caliph
Continued struggle against the __________________
– Struggle with __________________, Ali’s second son
– __________________ are victorious and kill Husayn at Karbala in 680
Shi’a Muslims
Supporters of __________________
The Most __________________ Muslims in the world
Recognize __________________ of the Early Caliphs, except Ali.
Splinter sects make it even more confusing…from when Ali agreed to mediation at Siffin
The Conquest Continues!
After the pause to settle internal disputes, Arab __________________ continue in the second half of
th
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the 7 century
Central Asia: sparks rivalry with __________________ which continues to this day
Northwest __________________
Across North __________________, Strait of ______________and into Spain, threatening France
– Advance halted in __________________ CE
The Umayyads controlled an empire that stretched from Spain in the West to the
__________________ of Central Asia in the East.
The Umayyad Caliphate
__________________ remains the holiest city in Islam
Umayyads shift the political capital of the Islamic Empire to __________________, Syria after the
murder of Uthman
From Damascus, the Umayyads built an impressive __________________ designed to rule the vast
territory ruled under the banner of Islam.
– Only Muslim Arabs were __________________ -class citizens
– Taxed only for __________________
__________________ between conquered peoples and the Muslim warrior elite was widespread
__________________ did little to advance non-believers
– Muslim converts, __________________, still had to pay property taxes
– Sometimes still had to pay the __________________, or head tax levied on nonbelievers
Mawali received no share of the booty from further __________________.
They were not considered full members of the __________________
During the Umayyad era, the amount of __________________ was low
The __________________, were people of the book and applied to Christians and Jews originally, but
eventually would encompass the majority groups in any area conquered.
They had to pay the Jizya…but their __________________ systems were left intact.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Additionally, they were given the freedom to __________________ as they pleased.
The __________________ accepted Muslim rule often because it was better than their previous rulers.
__________________ and Gender Roles
– Muhammad encouraged __________________
– Denounced __________________
– Forbade female __________________
– Men could marry up to __________________ wives
– Enhanced rights of __________________ and divorce for women
Muhammad proclaimed the __________________ of men and women before God.
– Many women (his wife, Khadijah) were some of Muhammad’s earliest
__________________
– Many of the __________________, or traditions of the prophet Muhammad were
recorded by women.
– Muhammad’s wives and daughters played an important role in compiling the
__________________.
In time, the Umayyad Caliphs would fall victim to the __________________ to luxury and easy-living
Decline of the Umayyad
The Umayyad abandonment of the __________________, simple lifestyle followed by Muhammad
and the earliest caliphs, including Abu Bakr, enraged the dissenting sects.
In the Eastern Iranian borderlands of the Empire, a group of 50,000 warriors had settled in the town of
__________________.
– These warriors were not happy with the __________________ elite
• Never saw a share of the booty they earned
• A revolt in the early 740’s would spark a revolution that would spread
throughout the empire.
The Umayyad Fall…
Marching under the banner of the __________________ party…
– Traced descent to Muhammad’s uncle, __________________
– Open warfare by __________________ CE
– Abu al-Abbas, the great-grandson of al-Abbas, won victory after victory.
– The Abbasid’s won the support of the __________________ and the Mawali
The end of the Umayyad…sort of
Abu al-Abbas invited members of the Umayyad clan to a __________________ banquet.
There, guards slaughtered all __________________ of the Umayyad clan.
– __________________ members were hunted down throughout the empire and killed.
– The grandson of a former caliph established the __________________ Caliphate of
Cordoba in Spain, which went on for centuries.
The Abbasid Era
Fundamental conversion of the ________________Empire to a more __________________ Empire
Transformation of Islam from a small Arab __________________ elite to genuinely universal faith.
Abbasid’s rejected many of the old allies, becoming more righteous in their defense of Sunni Islam
Abbasid’s built their new capital in the city of __________________.
Abbasid caliph’s palaces were equal to their claims of __________________ power.
– Expanding corps of __________________, servants, and slaves.
– Increased power of the __________________, or chief administrator and head of the
caliph’s councils
Full-integration of new converts, both Arab and non-Arab
– Converts were now exempt from the __________________ and had greater
opportunities in education and in their careers.
Revived Commercialism
Rise in wealth and social status of the __________________ and landlord classes.
Great __________________ expansion was linked to a revival of the Afro-Eurasian trading network
–
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Declined with the fall of the __________________ and collapse of the
__________________ Empire.
The Abbasids in the West and the Tang and Song in the East formed the pivotal __________________
of trade
In the countryside, a wealthy elite, the __________________ emerged
Abbasid Golden Age
At first, Arabs were not well connected to the __________________ world.
– No true __________________ system
– Clash of ideals when they conquer __________________!
Early Abbasid artistic expression was focused on great __________________
Early Abbasid learning focused on __________________ and __________________, specifically
recovering and preserving the learning of the ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle
East
Muslim and Jewish scholars revive the writings of the __________________ on subjects such as
– __________________
– Algebra
– Geometry
– __________________
– __________________
– Ethics
Through Spain, Greek writings found their way into __________________.