Early Modern
Global Interactions
1450 CE- 1750 CE
Summary
• Starting with Prince Henry, Europeans are going to travel the world &
be in everybody’s business.
• This is going to make them incredibly wealthy & build them huge
empires.
• Along with this, comes disease, slavery, & horrible conditions for
Native Americans.
• There are also huge land empires from the Ottomans & Russians over
to the Chinese.
• The Columbian Exchange is arguably the most important thing ever.
THE AP LOVE IT. They ask about it all the time. Count on a question
about the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.
Geography
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of
Communication & Exchange
Global exploration changes EVERYTHING.
Trade, empire, migration, diets, disease…
This is the first time we have dealt with a
connected planet.
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
The Mariners
Columbus
Voyages across
the Atlantic
intiated the
Spanish
Colonization of
the New World.
Zhenghe
Commaned
expeditionary
voyages to SE
Asia, South Asia,
Western Asia, &
East Africa.
Prince Henry
(“The
Navigator”)
Regarded as the
main initiator of
the Age of
Discoveries.
Da Gama
First European to
reach India by
sea, opening the
way for an age of
global
imperialism.
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
Technology that Made it Possible
• Astrolabe
• Maps
• Wind Patterns
• Caravels
– Small, highly maneuverable sailing ship (Portuguese)
– Developed to explore along the West African Coast & into
the Atlantic Ocean
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
Global Circulation of Goods
• Facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly
companies
• Took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to
purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets
• Regional markets continued to flourish in AfroEurasia
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
New connections between the Eastern & Western
hemispheres resulted in the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
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Global Circulation of Goods
European merchants’ role was to transport goods from
one Asian country to another.
Joint stock companies competed against each other
for global trade.
Mercantilism- government control of foreign trade
insures the military safety of the country, favorable
balance of trade required
Atlantic System= Africa -> Americas -> Europe -> Africa
• Middle Passage (Africa -> Americas)= Slave Trade
Columbian Exchange
• From New World- Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cacao
• From Old World- Livestock, disease, sugar, grains
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
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Impact of Interaction- On Religion
Islam spread to Afro-Eurasia
• By 1500 CE the rift in Islam is politically solidified
by the conflict b/t Sunni Ottomans & Shia
Safavids
Christianity spread around the world
• As it spread it diversified
• Reformation = Protestant & Catholic
Buddhism continued to spread to SE & E Asia
Syncretic & new forms of religion
• Vodun (Caribbean)
• Cult of Saints (South America)
• Sikhism (South Asia
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
Impact of PROFITS
Innovations in Visual &
Literacy expanded by
Performing Arts
popular authors
• Renaissance (Europe)
• Shakespeare (Europe)
• Miniatures (Persia)
• Wood Block Printing
(Japan)
• Codices (Latin America)
• Cervantes (Europe)
• Sundiata (Mali)
• Journey to the West
(Japan)
• Kabuki (Japan)
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production
The global demand for raw materials &
finished goods expanded requiring
corresponding increases in peasant labor
& production.
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Peasant Labor Increased Coerced Labor
• Frontiermen (fur traders)
• The biggest change in labor
set out to settle Siberia,
history (to this point) is the
Russia
transatlantic slave trade
• British exports of cotton
textiles to Europe increased
• Chinese silk production
increased
• Cash crops grown on
plantations led to huge
increase in slavery &
production of raw materials
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Range of Coerced Labor used in the European
Colonies
• Spanish use of Inca Mita
– Spanish system of subjugation
of
Inca
– System of labor for the greater
– In reality, the crown used labor
to mine silver
good
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Range of Coerced Labor used in the European
Colonies
• Ecomienda/Hacienda System
– In theory, Spanish colonial
system where the Spaniard
would receive labor from locals
in return for teaching them
Spanish & Catholicism
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Range of Coerced Labor used in the European
Colonies
• Indentured Servitude
– Temporary labor that is
used to pay off a debt
incurred by the servant
until the debt is paid
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Range of Coerced Labor used in the European
Colonies
• Chattel Slavery
– People are personal
property to be
bought & sold
– The original form
of slavery
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
New Hierarchies- Elites
New
Existing
Grew from widening global
Had to deal with growing
economic opportunities &
power of absolute
imperial conquests
monarchies
• Manchus in China
• Mughal Zamindars
• Spanish Creoles
• Euro Nobility
• Entrepreneur
• Daimyo Japan
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
New Hierarchies- Gender & Family Roles
Gender
Family
European men depended
Smaller family size in
on SE Asian Women
Europe
(The traditional
merchants of the region)
Key Concept 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
New Hierarchies- Racial
Mestizo = European + Native American
Mulatto = European + African American
Creole = Spaniard + Americans
Key Concept 4.3: State Consolidation &
Imperial Expansion
This focuses on one thing…
POWER
Key Concept 4.3: State Consolidation & Imperial Expansion
Maintaining Power
The people in charge used many different ways to maintain that power:
Arts
• Architecture, Court literature
Religion
• Divine Right (Euro), Human Sacrifice
Treatment of Subjects
• Ottoman Dhimmi, Manchus in China
Bureaucracy
• Ottoman Devshirme
• Chinese Civil Service Exam
Key Concept 4.3: State Consolidation & Imperial Expansion
Who Has the Power?
Land Empires
Maritime Empires
Manchus
Portuguese
Mughals
Spanish
Ottomans
French
Russians
British
Key Concept 4.3: State Consolidation & Imperial Expansion
Competing for POWER
For Trade Routes
• Ottomans v. Europeans
• Piracy (Caribbean)
State Rivalries
• 30 Years War (Europe)
• Ottomans v. Safavid (Middle East)
Local Resistance
• Peasant Uprisings (Europe)
• Samurari Revolts (Japan)