Human Origins in Africa
• _______________- scientists who study
ancient settlements
• _______________- scientists who study
ancient culture
• ________________- scientists who study
fossils
Footprints Found
• 1970’s _______________finds prehistoric
footprints in Tanzania (East Africa) preserved
in volcano ash
• _____________________- form of hominid
that is upright walking and had opposable
thumbs.
Discovery of Lucy
• ___________________ explores Ethiopia, and
finds a skeleton of an adult hominid (3.5
million years old)
• Named ________ after “Lucy in the Sky with
Diamonds” song
Stone Age Begins
• Mastery of fire, development of language, and impressive
technological advancements
• ____________________(Old Stone)- 2.5 million years ago until
8,000 BC (hunter-gatherers). Much during the Ice Ages.
• ___________________ (New Stone)- 8,000 BC until 3,000 BC
(agriculturalists, artisans, innovators)
• Australopithecines replaced by by _______________ (man of
skill). They used primitive tools to crack bones and open
carcasses. These guys were later replaced by
_________________ (upright man). More intelligent and
adaptable species who were inventors. Also the first hominids
to migrate from Africa. They were the first to use fire and
develop a spoken language
Modern Humans
• _____________develops into _______________(wise man).
Had larger brains, but otherwise looked similar (cromagnons).
• _____________- powerful people who had religious beliefs
and were more sophisticated than the “man with club”
image. Found in Germany, they were resourceful enough to
survive the Ice Age winters. Mysteriously disappeared about
30,000 years ago.
• - arrived 40,000 years ago, and are identical to modern
humans. About 5.5 feet tall, and migrated to Europe and Asia
from Africa. They made new tools, and were better hunters.
More advanced language increased communication, which
helped them exterminate Neanderthals.
Humans Try to Control Nature
•
•
__________- ppl who move from place to place foraging. Depends on migrations
of animals
____________- depend on animals and crops
Art in Paleolithic Age
•
•
Made necklaces of bear claws, seashells, and lion teeth
Created intricate cave paintings
Beginnings of Agriculture
• ___________________- agricultural revolution about 10,000
years ago. Movement from food-gathering to food-producing
• Early farming methods: _______________- cut trees/grasses
and burn them to clear a field. Ashes fertilized soil. Would
move around from year to year.
______________________________
•
Tamed horses, goats, dogs, and pigs. Helped travel and also provided an additional
source of food
Villages Grow
•
Farming develops in many places (Africa around the ______, China around the
________ River, Mexico and in Central America around the ___________, and
__________in the Andes Mountains.
___________________
•
•
•
•
•
Located in Turkey
Home to 5-6 thousand people who lived in houses that looked like a honeycomb
Showed the benefits of settled life b/c people were able to specialize
Some setbacks- invasion, fire, drought
Displayed how villages could lead to cities (trading centers)
Civilization (Ur)
Villages grow into Cities
•
•
Economic changes- improved irrigation led to surplus of food, and allowed some
ppl to specialize in other trades. Artisans, farmers, and others needed a place to
trade their goods. Two inventions (wheel and sail) helped increase trading.
Social changes- new economy changes social structure. People begin to believe in
gods of rain, wind, and other natural forces.
How civilization develops
•
•
•
•
•
•
First civilization develops in ___________, Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Civilization needs 5 traits
(__________________________________________________________________
_)
Cities aren’t reliant on population, but on trading
Specialized workers allowed a variety of goods to be traded
Complex institutions were necessary to rule people (government, religion, etc.)
Record keeping becomes important to write laws, collect taxes (Sumerian
_____________)
How civilization develops (cont.)
• Cuneiform replaced pictographs. It was typically written on clay tablets by
scribes
• Improved technology was needed to solve emerging
-_______________: around 3,000 BC, Sumerian artisans melt copper and tin
to make bronze, which is more efficient in tools and weapons.
Ur
• City in Sumer on the banks of the
_______________River (Iraq)
• 30,000 ppl lived there, and social status was
obvious
• Trading revolved around __________, which is
trading without currency
• Religious pyramid temple called
_____________(“mountain of God”)
• _________________allowed for food surplus,
and variety of goods for trading