Latin I
Midterm guide
Test format: TBA
I. Pronunciation
Know that the following Latin letters differ in pronunciation from English.
v
ā
g
ē
water, wave
father, fraternity
get, got
they, bay, way
c
ae
ī
au
cat, cactus
eye, aisle
machine, beep
town
II. Grammar Define the following terms.
Term
Definition
Accusative
Action verb
Adjective
Adverb
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Declension
Direct object
Gender
Imperative
Indirect object
Indicative
Infinitive
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Preposition
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Term
Definition
Pronoun
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
III. Nouns
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”
e.g. Caecilius est argentarius _________________________________________________________
e.g. Cerberus est iratus ______________________________________________________________
[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession]
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
e.g. Grumio pavonem coquit. __________________________________________________
ad ____________________
prope _______________________
per ___________________
in + Acc. _____________________
e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. N.B. “SIDSPACE”
sine_______________________________
sub _______________________________
in____________________________
pro _______________________________
dē____________________________
ā/ab ______________________________
cum_______________________________
ē/ex ______________________________
e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____.
For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.
3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb.
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Latin I
Midterm guide
4. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________
5. Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________
6. Give the vocative for Grumio _______________________________
7. Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________
8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________
9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings.
Complete the table with the correct endings.
1st Declension
Singular
Plural
2nd Declension
Singular
Plural
3rd Declension
Singular
Plural
cibus
canis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
For practice, decline the words below.
villa
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
via
Singular
puer
Plural
Singular
leo
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.
puellae gladiatores in arenâ vident.
__________
__________
__________
leo pedem agricolae in silvâ ostendit.
__________
__________
__________
__________
IV. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to
agree with the nouns they describe in declension.
e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. ____________________________________________________________
e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. _________________________________________________________
e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. _____________________________________________
V. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
Nominative Sing.
ego – I
tu – you
Genitive Sing.
Dative Sing.
Accusative Sing.
Ablative Sing.
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Dative Plural
Accusative Plural
Ablative Plural
VI. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
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Example
porto “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portare “to carry”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Principal part
Third principal part
Example
portavi “I carried, did
carry, have carried”
Use
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
First person singular perfect:
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fui, futurus
adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus
Answer the following questions about navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus “to sail.”
1. What is the perfect stem?
____________________
2. What is the first person singular present active?
____________________
3. What is the first person singular perfect active?
____________________
4. What is the present active infinitive?
____________________
5. What is the present stem?
____________________
6. To which conjugation does this verb belong?
____________________
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus “sit.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
st
1 singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
st
1 singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.
She kept leading. __________
We did lead. __________
I am leading. __________
You have led. __________
You lead. __________
They used to lead. __________
He does lead. __________
They led. __________
It leads. __________
ducebat __________
duco __________
duxistis __________
ducitis __________
ducit __________
ducebamus __________
ducebatis __________
ducis __________
duxit __________
Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs
_______________
Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus
_______________
VII. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
e.g.
intentê _______________
ferōciter _______________
graviter _______________
VIII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.
e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat.
Quintus canem in viâ videt.
servi lectum ex tricliniô in hortum trahunt.
Melissa cum Grumione in forô lentê ambulabat.
IX. Dependent clauses
Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but
depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and
quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb.
e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit.
____________________________________________________________________________________
e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat.
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Latin I
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____________________________________________________________________________________
X. Interrogatives/Question words
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis _______________ ubi _______________ quid ________________ cur __________________
XI. Culture
Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance,
familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.
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Latin I
Midterm guide
Suggested definitions
Declension
Family of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions.
We study 3 in Latin I.
Conjugation
Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations.
Case
NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a
sentence.
Number
SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than one
Gender
Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER
Tense
When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now),
IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)]
Inflection
An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence.
Subject
a noun or a pronoun performing the action of a verb, or is described by a linking verb.
Direct object a noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb.
Predicate nominative/ adjective
Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject.
Nominative
An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE in
a sentence.
Accusative
An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain
prepositions in a sentence.
Vocative
An inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS.
Parts of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
person, place, thing or idea
takes the place of a noun
modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes
replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone.
shows action or condition (i.e. state of being)
modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT
OF PREPOSITION.
a word that hooks up words, phrases, and clauses.
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