Napoleon’s Rise to Power
a 1795-96 – Directory appoints Napoleon
to be general of army & command
troops against Austrians
a He is defeated by British in Egypt, but
his charisma gain him national
popularity
Napoleon as “First Consul”
a The Directory is ineffective and
weak
a Napoleon is the first consul of
French republic (rules as a
military dictator)
a Napoleon launched a successful
coup d’ etat (blow of the state)
on November 9, 1799
a 1800 – plebiscite (vote of people)
approves new Constitution giving
all authority to Napoleon
Napoleon Established the
Banque de France
• Economy: tax collections
& National Bank
established in 1800
Lycee System of Education
a Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational
reform.
a Lycées were government run public schools
a Lycées trained the nation’s future government
leaders.
Concordat of 1801
a signed concordat (agreement) w/ pope rejecting
church influence in politics, but accepting its
influence socially
a Bishops appointed by French gov’t, but parish priests
appointed by bishops
a Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced
the Concordat, and Napoleon had him
brought to France and placed under
house arrest
Napoleonic Code, 1804
a Napoleonic Code –
concise, uniform laws, a Restricted free speech
and free press won
but restrictive of
individual liberty – law
during the Revolution
& order most
important
December 2, 1804
Napoleon crowned himself emperor
& is determined to control Europe & French
colonies in New World
Haitian Independence, 1792-1804
Saint Dominigue (Haiti) – slaves
revolted in 1789 (led by
Toussaint L’Ouverture) &
Napoleon could not defeat the
revolt  needed $ for more war
efforts elsewhere & sold Louisiana
Toussaint L’Ouverture Territory in 1803 to the US
(Louisiana Purchase)
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
$15,000,000
T he Empress Josephine
Napoleonic Europe
“Napoleon on His
Imperial T hrone”
1806
By Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
Napoleon’s Major Military
Campaigns
• Gained control of Austrian Netherlands,
Switzerland, & northern Italy  British
join w/ Russia, Austria & Sweden
• Austria, Russia, Prussia eventually sign
peace treaties w/ Napoleon b/c his army
was massive & overpowering  largest
empire since collapse of Rome
Napoleon’s Major Military
Campaigns
• Napoleon attempts to invade Britain but
loses naval Battle of Trafalgar
T he Battle of Trafalgar
1805:
France 
Sea
Power
 Britain
-British
defeat the French navy and
succeed in remaining most powerful
navy for the next 100 years
-Napoleon is unsuccessful in defeating
Britain
Battle of Trafalgar
T he French Empire – 1807-1812
By 1812 – the only major European countries free
from Napoleon’s control were: Britain, The
Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Sweden
Puppet Countries (controlled by French): Spain,
Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and German kingdoms –
ruled by brothers and in-laws of Napoleon
Russia, Prussia, and Austria loosely tied to French
Empire through alliances
THE EMPIRE WOULD QUICKLY COLLAPSE
Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
e Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
e Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
e
e
e
e
e
Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies
“Crossing the
Alps,”
1805
Paul Delaroche
T he Continental System
a GOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s
mastery over Europe
a 1806 –blockade Britain’s trade to destroy industrial
and commercial economy
a The blockade was not strictly followed by other
European countries
a Britain responded this their own blockade
a American ships were among those stopped by the
British navy and this lead to the War of 1812
between British & U.S.
T he Continental System
Marie Louise
(of Austria)
married
Napoleon on
March 12, 1810
in Vienna
Marie Louise
(of Austria)
with
Napoleon’s Son
(Napoleon Francis Joseph
Charles: 1811-1832)
Peninsular War: 1808
e Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.
e France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.
e Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!
e Spanish nationalism (pride) motivates guerilla
fighters (militias who know the land really well) to
attack French troops
e Napoleon loses Peninsular War
T he “Big Blunder” -- Russia
a The retreat from Spain came
on the heels of Napoleon’s
disastrous Russian Campaign
(1812-1813)
a In July, 1812 Napoleon led his
army of 614,000 men
eastward across central Europe
and into Russia
a The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and
burned their crops to the ground known as scorched
earth policy, leaving the French to operate far from
their supply bases in territory stripped of food
a Napoleon retreats
Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow
a September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow,
but the city had largely been abandoned.
a The Russians had set fire to the city.
Napoleon’s Retreat
from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
T he 4th Coalition
1813-1814: France 
Napoléon’s
Defeat
Britain, Russia,
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden
Alliances use
weakness of
Napoleon on his
return from Russia
to defeat him
Napoleon Abdicates!
e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
e Outside armies invade France & banish
Napoleon
e Napoleon abdicated (gave up his throne) in
April of 1814
e The royalists took control and restored
Louis XVIII (brother of the guillotined king)
to the throne
Napoleon’s Abdication
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Louis XVIII
th
(18 )
1815: France 
Napoleon’s
“100 Days”
 Britain, Russia.
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
e June 15, 1815 – Battle of Waterloo - movie
e Napoleon escaped Elba and landed in France on
March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.
e Prussian and British forces defeat Napoleon
and his army in the city of Waterloo (Belgium)
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Napoleon
on His Way
to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena for
6 years
Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena
Napoleon’s Tomb
W hat is
Napoleon’s
Legacy?
T he Congress of Vienna
(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Britain)
Tsar Alexander I
(Russia)
The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich
(Austria)
King Frederick
William III
(Prussia)
Foreign Minister, Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand (France)
Key Principles Established
at Vienna
•Metternich had three goals @ Congress:
1.) prevent future French aggression &
surround France w/stronger countries
2.) restore a balance of power (no one
country is a threat)
3.) restore legitimacy: Europe’s royal
families back on thrones
Congress of Vienna wants to go BACK
to before 1789 (French Rev.)
B alance of power - no country in
Europe too powerful
A new map of Europe drawn (France
weaker)
C ongress of Vienna: (1815) Peace
Conference after Napoleon
(Metternich = leader)
K ings restored to power
Changes Made at Vienna
•
France was deprived of all
territory conquered by Napoleon
•
Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Republic united to form
Kingdom of Netherlands
•
A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including
Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under
Austrian rule
•
Switzerland became independent
•
Kingdom of Sardinia strengthened by adding Genoa
(Italy)
T he Germanic Confederation, 1815
Europe A fter the
Congress of Vienna
Results of the
Congress of Vienna
• Went easy on France b/c afraid they would want
revengegave up conquered areas, but kept previous
borders
• Major result of Congress of Vienna: no country in Europe
could easily overpower another
• Congress of Vienna successful b/c fair enough for
countries not to hold a grudge, however it did not prevent
future wars
• Peace lasted 38 years & effects on world would be seen
for next 100 years!
W hat was the
legacy of the
Congress of
Vienna?