6 Study Guide Key
1. The Muslims were able to recover & preserve the works of the ancient
philosophers as well as transmit ideas & culture from one civilization
to another.
2. Artisans were free men who owned their own tools & who formed
guidelike organizations to negotiate wages.
3. Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be
found in both the towns & the countryside of the Abbasid Empire.
4. Baghdad
5. The Umayyads displayed tolerance towards the religions of dhimmi
peoples.
6. The Malawi were admitted as full members of the Islamic community.
7. The Abbasids outdid the Umayyads in establishing an absolutist
government symbolized by the growing powers of the wazirs and the
sinister presence of the executioner.
8. A rural landholding elite
9. It was a general period of prosperity typified by urban growth & the
restoration of the Afro-Eurasian trade axis.
10. Shi’a
11. Damascus
12. malawi
13. Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire.
14. Asia Minor
15. Despite early successes, Ali’s faction disintegrated leading to an
Umayyad victory & Ali’s assassination.
16. He was the first caliph to be chose from Muhammad’s early enemies,
the Umayyads.
17. Caliph
18. Ridda
19. They would have to share their booty & would have lost tax revenues
20. The desire for booty, the sense of common cause & united strength, a
means to release the energies of the Bedouin tribes against others
than themselves, the weakness of their adversaries
21. Many of the Bedouin tribes renounced Islam
22. Confession of faith, pray 5 times a day, zakat- charity, fasting during
the holy month of Ramadan, Hajj-trip to Mecca
23. Muhammad accepted the validity of Christian & Judaic revelations, &
taught that his own revelations were a final refinement &
reformulation of earlier ones.
24. It transcended old tribal boundaries & made possible political unity
among Arab clans.
25. War broke out between Mecca & Medina resulting in the eventual
victory of Muhammad & the Medina clans
26. Islam stressed the dignity of all believers & their equality in the eyes
of Allah, Islam stressed the responsibility of the wealthy & strong to
care for the poor & weak, A tax for charity was obligatory in the new
faith, it recognized the truth of similar ethical ideas in Judaism &
Christianity
27. 622 C.E.
28. the development of Muhammad’s religion, the growing power of
Medina, raids on their caravans, disputes between rival families
29. he fled because of the threat of assassination in Mecca, he was
invited to mediate a dispute between the tribes of Medina, once in
Medina he attracted new followers to his faith, he fled in 622 CE
30. Banu Hashim
31. 610 CE
32. they regarded him as a threat to their wealth & power as he
questioned the traditional gods of the Ka’ba
33. a blend of animism & polytheism
34. the Bedouins preserved the learning of classical cultures through
their writings which included prose – like epics
35. Greater Byzantine & Sassanian control over Arabic tribes of the
peninsula & Arabic migration to Mesopotamia
36. The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce
37. Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of
Jewish & Bedouin tribes
38. Women were regarded as little more than property with neither
rights nor status, descent in Bedouin tribes was strictly patrilineal,
women were the equal of mates in the rugged society of the desert
Bedouin, women were permitted to take more than one husband (with
approval of their mother)
39. It tended to weaken the Bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples
& empires
40. Umayyad
41. Clans within the same tribe almost never engaged in warfare, but
violence between different tribes was common, Arabic society was too
mobile to result in many contacts between clans, therefore violence
was minimal, Inter-clan violence was regulated by a universally
recognized code of law imposed by the Quraysh in Mecca, Violence in
Bedouin society was generally limited to slave uprisings
42. Shakhs
43. North Africa, Europe, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
44. Bedouin herders lived in kin-related clan groups, Bedouins lived in
highly mobile tent encampments, Arabian society fostered strong
dependence on loyalty & cooperation with kin, Bedouins were rarely
found living in urban areas
45. Shakhs, free warriors, slaves, & herders
46. Submission
47. Bedouin
48. Bedouin