1. Driving at Night: a.
Dirt on the lens of headlights can reduce light by up to _____ percent. b.
How can you check to see if the lights are working properly? c.
How far do high beams let us see? d.
What is the sight distance rule? e.
When driving at night, drivers need to leave more ________than they would in the daytime.
2. Visibility: a.
The distance a driver can see ahead is limited and headlights do not illuminate off-road areas. b.
Visibility is also compromised by the ___________ from other vehicles.
3. Headlights: a.
High beam headlights
 Used when safe and legal at speeds of ___________ mph b.
Low beam headlights
 Used in bad weather or when following or meeting another car at night - safe at speed of __________ mph
4. Night Driving Skills: a.
Adjust speed to distance illuminated by headlights b.
Keep your eyes ____________ searching ahead and at edges of the roadway c.
Flash lights once quickly if oncoming vehicle is using high beams
5. Night Driving Risks: a.
Reduces ability to see risks b.
Requires eyes to adjust quickly to glare c.
Places limitations on gathering and processing information in time d.
The distance you can see ahead is shorter - especially at higher speeds e.
Headlights provide little illumination of off-road areas f.
Ability to judge distances is compromised g.
The glare from oncoming and following vehicles impairs vision h.
Must drive “blind” while recovering from the glare
6. Driving Tips for Poor Visibility: a.
________speed to accommodate shortened sight distance b.
Use _______________ flashers when traveling below speed limit c.
Maintain appropriate lane position d.
If stopping distance longer than sight distance, slow down and don’t drive “blindly” into the darkness.
1

7. Safety Tips for Driving at Night: a.
Before passing, the driver passing can flash his/her headlights to warn the other driver. b.
When two vehicles are ______ by _______, the passing driver may switch to high beams and the driver being passed should switch to low beams. c.
Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlit roadways. d.
If you must walk on a dark roadway due to vehicle breakdown or another reason, carry a white handkerchief or wear _______-colored clothing or reflective clothing to increase your chances of being seen. e.
In snow, wear ________ clothing to create a contrast.
2

1. Drifting Fog: a.
Reduce speed b.
Turn on ______ beam headlights c.
Turn on windshield wipers d.
Turn on defroster or air conditioner
2. Heavy Fog: a.
Reduce speed b.
Turn on emergency flashers and fog lights c.
_________ stop in a travel lane d.
Look for an exit from the highway e.
If impossible to leave the highway, stop beyond the _____ of guardrail as far to the right of the road as possible, and turn ______ lights and wait for fog to lift.
3. Visibility Limited by Rain and Snow: a.
Keep headlights clean b.
Turn on the defroster to remove ice and condensation c.
Clear the windshield and rear windows d.
Reduce Speed e.
Turn headlights to low beam f.
Turn on windshield wipers g.
Be alert for vehicles stopped in roadway h.
Be prepared for effects of gusting winds i.
Make adjustments gently and smoothly
4. Sources of Glare a.
Other vehicle headlights b.
Paper on the dashboard c.
Snow covered landscape d.
The sun at dawn or dusk
5. Reducing Glare a.
Look to the ______ edge of roadway b.
Do not place paper on dashboard c.
Wear ____________ during the day d.
Adjust sun visors and mirrors e.
Clean window
6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver’s ability to see and what adjustment a driver should make to better cope with these conditions:
1.
Sun glare:
2.
Driving at night:
3.
Fog:
4.
Rain:
5.
Snow:
3

7. Driving in Snow: a.
In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highway b.
Check weather report c.
If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail d.
Use cell phone to check conditions e.
Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid
8. Strong Winds: a.
Keep a _______ grip on the steering wheel b.
__________ speed c.
Adjust lane position d.
Do not over steer e.
Stay off the brake f.
Prepare to counter steer g.
Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothly h.
Check for debris in roadway and oncoming traffic
9. Low water crossings: a.
Flash flooding conditions are unpredictable b.
Not specific to a time of year c.
Affects braking, steering and engine systems
10. Flash Flood Dangers: a.
Nearly ______% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related b.
Search for flood prone areas:
 Highway dips
 Bridges
 Low areas c.
Most vehicles will float d.
Very little water on the road surface can cause loss of control e.
________ feet of water will “carry” most cars f.
Because visibility is limited at night, driving during flooding conditions is very dangerous g.
Heed all flash flood watches and warnings h.
Monitor road conditions through the news media
11. Hot and Cold Temperatures: a.
Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely cold. b.
Extreme conditions cause stress on vehicle parts sensitive to temperature change c.
Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts
12. Cold Weather Driving Tips: a.
Check your _______________ b.
Check your cooling system c.
Check your windshield wipers d.
Check your tire tread e.
Check your gas f.
Check your windshield washer reservoir g.
Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connections
4

h.
Clean snow off of your entire car
13. Hot weather checks a.
______________ tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially when driving for extended distances at higher speeds. b.
The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections, and drive belts need special attention due to the extra load placed on these cooling systems.
5

1. Occupant Protection: a.
Occupant protection refers to safety features designed to protect occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a crash. These systems can be 'active' or ‘passive.’ b.
Wearing a safety belt is your best defense for preventing severe life-altering injuries:
 Slows occupant’s rate of deceleration in a frontal crash and keeps occupants securely in place
2. Airbags: a.
The driver side airbag is located in the center of the steering wheel and the passenger side airbag is located inside the dashboard. b.
Side airbags that inflate during side collisions are usually located within the seat. c.
Curtain airbags are installed above the side windows, in the headliner, on both sides. d.
Knee airbags are located in front of the legs of the driver and front seat passenger.
 They are concealed within the steering column or the lower part of the dashboard and deploy during frontal impacts. e.
Driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a frontal impact.
 Drivers should sit at least ______inches from the air bag because it inflates to six or seven inches in size at speeds up to _______ mph.
 If you can, tilt the steering wheel to point the air bags at your _______, not your face. f.
Always wear a safety belt and secure children in the rear seat. g.
To reduce forearm and hand injuries, place hands on the _______ half of the steering wheel, with knuckles on the outside and thumbs along the inside of the rim of the wheel. h.
Side impact air bags are designed to protect the ______ and ______ in side impact collisions.
 Care should be taken not to sit too close to the door or to lean towards the air bag.
3. How do you adjust your seat and steering wheel hand position to protect you from the airbag?
4. We learned in Module 2 that adjusting the head restraints protects us from whiplash.
6

1. Roadway Safety Design: a.
____________ sign support posts b.
________________ with ends angled away from roadway and buried c.
_______ attenuators - such as vinyl liquid or sand filled drums d.
Protected left and right turn bays e.
Collector/distributor lanes on high speed, high density highways f.
Variable message signs alerting drivers to weather conditions, construction, and traffic problems
7

1. How do you think vehicle design and technology make a vehicle safer?
2. New Advances: a.
All-wheel drive b.
Antilock braking systems c.
Electronic stability control d.
Telematics (i.e. OnStar) e.
Tire pressure monitoring f.
Active head restraints g.
Adaptive cruise control h.
Adaptive headlights i.
Advanced airbags j.
Advanced seat belt pre tensioner k.
Fatigue warning l.
Forward collision warning systems m.
Lane departure warning systems n.
Side view assist o.
Park assist and back over prevention
3. In Module 3 we learned about anti lock braking systems (ABS). a.
What is the primary task of ABS? b.
What are the ABS rules? c.
What may you notice when using ABS brakes?
4. Electronic Stability System (ESP): a.
What is the electronic stability program designed to do? b.
During an over-steering or skidding condition (rear-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel? c.
During an under-steering or sliding condition (front-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to which wheel?
Answer:
5. Functions of Tires: a.
Tires are air-filled cushions designed to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on the vehicle and are designed to flex and give as they meet the road surface. b.
Absorb shocks caused by road hazards c.
Provide Traction — enables drivers to accelerate, brake and steer d.
Tires ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire
8

6. Traction: a.
Measured by the ability to stop a car in straight-ahead motion on a wet surface - tires graded A have the best traction performance, B grading is an above average rating and C indicates the tire meets government standards. b.
Temperature —tire’s ability to withstand heat. Tires graded A are the most heat-resistant and less likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as tires with grades of B or C. c.
Tread wear rating — the higher the tread wear rating, the greater the mileage – a tire with a tread wear rating of 150 is expected to last 50 percent longer than one graded at 100.
7. After watching the tire safety video, list 3 things you learned about tires.
9

1. Dangerous Road Conditions: a.
Ice, snow, or frost/sleet b.
Wet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a long dry period when oil and rubber particles have collected on the road surface and mix with water c.
Heavy rain or standing water d.
Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, and truck crossings e.
Wet leaves f.
Broken or uneven road surface g.
Sand or gravel - frequently found on curves in rural areas
2. Slippery Conditions: a.
Ice on the road b.
Dangerous curves and turns c.
Roads with slippery when wet warning signs d.
Most dangerous when the temperature is near freezing e.
Just after a rain has fallen on a hot day f.
Heavily traveled intersections when raining
3. Controlling Consequences: a.
_______ off road rather than skid off the road b.
Hit something ______ rather than something hard c.
Hit something going your way rather than something stationary d.
Hit stationary objects with a glancing blow e.
Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching object f.
Steer to avoid oncoming traffic and head on collision
4. Preventing Loss of Traction: a.
__________ speed b.
___________ space c.
Make gradual changes to speed d.
Avoid abrupt changes in direction e.
Find the best path
5. Causes of Traction Loss a.
Road surface conditions b.
The condition of the vehicle c.
Actions of the driver
6. Signs of Hydroplaning: a.
Standing water b.
Raindrops that bubble when they hit the road c.
Slushing sound d.
Sensation that the steering wheel is loose or disconnected from the vehicle e.
A vehicle ahead that is not leaving a track
10

7. Preventing Hydroplaning: a.
_________down when there is water standing on the surface of the pavement. b.
Tires should be properly __________ and have adequate tread. c.
___________ following distance, particularly when behind a large truck. d.
Drive in the tracks left by any vehicle ahead.
8. If Hydroplaning Occurs: a.
Ease off the ______________ gradually b.
______________ speed until your tires regain traction. c.
Do not ___________ until traction has been restored. d.
Steer no more than necessary, continue to ______ and steer where you want to go.
9. What do you know about skids? a.
When do most skids occur? b.
What are the steps to recover from a skid? c.
What is the best way to handle skids?
10. Causes of Skids a.
Slippery surfaces b.
____________ too hard c.
____________ too hard d.
Steering too much or too quickly e.
Entering a curve with too much speed
11. Preventing skids: a.
Apply the brakes in a __________ and progressive manner b.
Make smooth, precise steering wheel movements c.
Slowing down well in advance of curves d.
Maintaining speeds appropriate for conditions
12. Types of skids: a.
There are two main types of skidding:
 ________-steering (fishtailing)
 ________-steering (plowing)
13. Front wheel loss of traction: a. Called “Under steer” and is when the vehicle moves straight ahead in spite of steering input
 Look and steer toward intended path
 Smoothly ease up on accelerator
 Smoothly apply brakes to regain traction
 Do not steer more than necessary
11

14. When Brakes are Applied Too Hard or Too Quickly: a.
Vehicle weight shifts to the front causing:
 A noticeable drop of the hood
 A noticeable rise of the rear
 Forward movement of driver, passengers and items in vehicle
15. Correcting Front Traction Loss: a.
Direct vision to targeted path of travel (look where you want to go) b.
Activate ________ (if vehicle equipped)
 Ease off conventional brake system
 Reestablish rolling traction (wheels rolling/not sliding) c.
Ease off steering inputs
 Abrupt steering can create traction loss
 Steer toward intended path of travel d.
Jab/Stab brake to move weight forward if no ABS
 (ABS performs this function automatically)
16. Rear-Wheel Loss of Traction: a.
This is called an “over steer” when vehicle moves sideways without any additional steering input
• Look and __________ toward intended path
• Ease off the accelerator and avoid using the brakes
• Continue to steer and counter-steer until the vehicle is traveling straight
• Use a light and progressive acceleration if the vehicle does not recover
17. Acceleration and Traction Loss: a. When acceleration is applied too hard or too quickly weight moves to the rear of the car causing:
• A noticeable rise of the hood
• A noticeable drop of the rear
• Rearward movement of driver and passengers
18. Causes of Traction Loss: a.
Brakes __________ adjusted - Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid - as can wheels that are out of alignment when brakes are applied b.
Unevenly worn tire __________
 The size of the front and rear tires do not match.
 The tread depth or the front and rear tire type are not the same.
19. Driver Actions that Cause Loss of Traction: a.
Sudden steering movements on a slippery surface b.
Abrupt and sudden changes in vehicle speed c.
Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface d.
Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface
12

20. Traction Loss – Shifts in Vehicle Weight: a.
Sudden shifts of vehicle weight (left, right, forward or backward) will cause loss of traction. b.
Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration creates sudden shifts in vehicle balance.
21. When Steering is Applied Too Hard or Quickly Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car: a.
Vehicle weight shift causes:
• A noticeable ______ and tilt of the hood
• A noticeable rise and tilt of the rear
• Driver, passenger, items in car move towards the car’s corner
22. Managing Rear Traction Loss: a. Look at desired/targeted path of travel b. Activate traction control system or c.
Ease off brake or accelerator d.
Reestablish rolling traction to rear wheels e.
Steer toward targeted path of travel f.
Apply light progressive acceleration (2 mph is goal) to shift weight to the Rear g.
Traction control system will adjust the speed/braking automatically when activated)
13

1. What do you think causes run off the road crashes?
2. Run-Off the Road Crashes: Recognize, React, And Recover a.
What are some reasons run-off the road crashes occur? b.
What increases the risk of being in a run-off the road crash?
c.
What is the #1 tip from America’s best drivers when it comes to run-off the road crashes? d.
What steps should you take if you run-off the road?
3. Causes of Run Off the Road Crashes: a.
_________ or distractions b.
Drowsiness c.
Steers onto the shoulder to avoid a collision and tries to return to the roadway d.
Vehicle may collide with a vehicle in the next lane, or drive off the far side of the road
4. Off road recovery a.
To return to the pavement safely:
 Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel
 Slow down, ease off the accelerator and allow the vehicle to slow ________ - avoid braking
 ________ the edge of the pavement, after speed is reduced and there is a gap in traffic .
 Steer back to the road with _______inputs, do not over steer
 Return to the pavement ________ wheels at a time, as soon as the front tire is back on the roadway, counter-steer quickly left or right as necessary to stay in the correct lane b.
Blocked Roadside: If an object beside the road such as a tree, bridge abutment or pedestrian forces the driver to return to the road quickly, he/she has little time to slow down, to do this the driver should:
 Steer left or right so the off-road wheels are about 12 inches away from the edge of the pavement
 Remove his/her foot from the accelerator and stay off the brakes. Turn the steering wheel quickly about one-eighth turn toward the roadway
 Immediately, as the outer wheel makes contact with the edge of the pavement, counter-steer about a quarter turn and make steering corrections to straighten vehicle
5. Reminders: a. Do not panic and steer abruptly b. Ease off accelerator c.
DO ______ BRAKE d.
Get both wheels off the pavement e.
Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadway
14

f.
If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at a time g.
_______ steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of the wheel h.
Use even less input when edge of road is high i.
Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a “Slingshot” maneuver into oncoming traffic
6. Evasive Maneuvers: a.
With ABS brakes, how can you stop quickly?
b.
What is the safest maneuver if there is enough room?
c. What are the steps for making quick turns?
d. If there is a car beside you in the left lane and you need to avoid a car ahead, what should you do?
7. When do you use Evasive Steering? a.
When there is __________ to the side b.
When stopping distance is questionable c.
When there are cars close behind
8. Procedures for Evasive Steering: a.
Turn the wheel __________ degrees b.
Counter-steer immediately c.
Turn the wheel back to the original straight-ahead position
9. Evasive Braking: a.
If the vehicle has ABS:
 __________ press brake pedal until the vehicle stops
 May feel pedal pulse back against foot
b. If the vehicle does not have ABS:
• Apply firm, steady pressure just short of lockup
• Ease up on brakes if wheels lock, then apply the brakes again
10. Evasive Acceleration: a.
Used less frequently b.
Can be used to avoid crashes at intersections and in merging situations c.
May move point of impact to rear of vehicle if you can’t get out of the way
11. Controlling Consequences a.
Avoid __________collisions b.
Drive off the road rather than skid off the road c.
Hit something __________ d.
Hit something going in the __________ direction e.
Hit stationary object with glancing blow f.
Hit stationary object rather than approaching object
15

1. What are the four things that need to be done in the event of a crash?
a. What should you do to protect the scene?
b. What should you do to take care of anyone who is injured?
c. What information should you get from the other driver if involved in a crash?
2. What should you do? a.
__________ immediately b.
Aid the injured c.
Prevent further damage d.
Send for __________ e.
Exchange __________ f.
Record witnesses’ names and addresses g.
Notify __________ agent
16

Warning Symbol
_____________________
_____________________
HOT
_________________________________ It warns you when the oil is not circulating at proper pressure or there is not enough oil.
_________________________________
_________________________________
ALT
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
What does it mean?
It warns you when the coolant in the engine is too hot or too low.
When the “ALT” light comes on or the gauge shows “discharge” while the engine is running, the vehicle’s electrical system is not functioning properly.
The engine must now use electricity stored in the battery.
This warning light serves two purposes:
(1) indicates the parking brake is set; and
(2) alerts you that part or all of the braking system is not working properly; or, (3) in some vehicles, the brake fluid is low
The ABS light comes on when you start the vehicle indicating the ABS system is functioning normally. If the light stays on, or comes on while you are driving, there is a problem.
When you start the engine, this light should illuminate momentarily indicating the system is activated. If the air bag readiness light stays on or comes on while you are driving, it is a warning that there is a problem.
What should you do if you get a warning light?
If temperature warning light comes on or the gauge reads too hot, don’t drive the vehicle - seek professional help.
Caution: Never attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot - the pressure and hot steam may cause severe upper torso and facial burns.
When the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service center and have the oil level checked.
The alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery.
Turn off as many electrical devices as possible. (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.)
Have this checked without delay. If the battery is drained, the car can shut off.
If the parking brake is set, than take it off.
If it is not the parking brake, stop as soon as possible. Have the vehicle towed and the vehicle repaired.
It should be checked by a qualified mechanic
If the air bag system in your vehicle is not working properly, it can be dangerous as the air bags:
 May NOT inflate in a crash or
 May spontaneously inflate while you are driving.
17

SERVICE
ENGINE SOON
_________________________________
DOOR
OPEN
_
________________________________
LOW
FUEL
The SERVICE ENGINE or CHECK
ENGINE light should flash for a few seconds when you start the engine and then go out
.
This warning light will illuminate when starting the engine and then goes out. If this light remains on, one or more of the vehicle doors is not completely latched. If it comes on while driving, someone has opened a door or the door latch was not properly fastened.
The fuel gauge measures how much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel tank. When the fuel level is low, the fuel warning light will come on and stay on until you add more fuel to the tank.
If the light stays on, there may be a problem - make an appointment to get it checked.
Pull off the road as soon as possible to secure the door.
Get more fuel immediately.
18

Type of Malfunction
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
What happens to the vehicle?
This occurs when you hit a curb or sharp object.
You have a defective tire
Or
You have an under-inflated tire that builds up heat and explodes or loses its seal to the rim while the tires are rotating.
If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout.
If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and pull slightly in the direction of the flat tire
The accelerator will not return to idle when you release it and the engine is racing.
Accelerator failure is caused by either a broken spring or the pedal getting stuck in the down position.
In either case, you no longer have control over the vehicle’s speed.
When the engine stalls, the steering mechanism will still work but will require more effort.
_________________________________
_________________________________
What should the driver do?
1.
Grip the wheel firmly
2.
Foot off accelerator
3.
DO NOT BRAKE
4.
Allow vehicle to slow
5.
Check traffic
6.
Turn on flashers
7.
Drive to a protected area
8.
Change tire
1.
Shift to Neutral (engine may race but no harm done)
2.
Search for an escape path
3.
Steer smoothly and brake gently
4.
Pull off the roadway and park
5.
Turn off the vehicle. Caution
— DO NOT turn the ignition off while the vehicle is moving-
-this may lock the steering wheel
6.
Have the pedal repaired before driving again
1.
Shift to neutral
2.
Look for escape path
3.
DO NOT BRAKE HARD
4.
Pull off roadway
5.
Restart engine
6.
If unsuccessful, raise hood and turn on emergency flashers.
1.
Turn off AC
2.
Turn on heater
19

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
The most likely cause of steering failure is a loss of power steering. This can happen if a hydraulic pipe breaks or is cut by debris from the road.
Total Brake Failure —
Pump the brake pedal to try to build up brake pressure – after 3 or 4 pumps you will know if the brakes are going to hold.
.
Power Brake Failure — is the loss of power when the booster unit assisting the brakes no longer functions.
NEVER use water on an engine fire — water will
NOT put out an oil or fuel fire - in fact, it may even aid in spreading the fire.
Use an A-B-C-type fire extinguisher.
3.
Pull off roadway if all else fails
4.
Turn engine off
5.
DO NOT OPEN RADIATOR
6.
Seek help
1.
The vehicle can still be steered
2.
It will require much more effort on the driver’s part.
1.
Rapidly pump the brakes
2.
Shift to lower gear
3.
Activate the hazard lights to warn others
4.
Apply parking brake
5.
Find “soft” crash area
1.
Quickly steer the vehicle out of traffic and away from buildings and people.
2.
Get everyone out of the vehicle and have him or her move at least 100 feet away.
3.
If the engine is on fire, call the fire department and leave the hood closed.
4.
If the passenger compartment is on fire, smother it, use a fire extinguisher, or call the fire department.
20

Two of the most important things to have when you tow are basic common sense and the ability to adjust your driving.
1. Handling Large Vehicles: a.
Weigh more than a passenger vehicle b.
Affect the ability to __________________, turn and slow down:

Allow enough space to get up to speed

Slow down in advance of turns

Allow more space between vehicles c.
Do not exceed load limits d.
Practice driving where there is no traffic e.
Allow a _________________in traffic before pulling out f.
Check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into adjoining lane g.
Roads that curve right

Allow more _________________ from edge of pavement

Keep toward the center line h.
Roads that curve left
 Stay to the right so you do not cross the center line
Vehicle Normal Following
Distance
Additional Following
Distance
Total Following
Distance
_________________ None needed 3 to 4 seconds Automobile with no trailer
Automobile with 20-foot trailer
_________________ 2 seconds 5 to 6 seconds
5 to 6 seconds 35-foot motor home _________________ 2 seconds
2. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in Direction Driver Wants to Turn: a.
Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window b.
Keep your hand at the _________________ of the steering wheel c. To move the trailer left, move your hand to the _________________ d. To back to the right, move your hand to the _________________
3. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in the Opposite Direction:
21

a.
To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the right b.
Straighten the wheel c.
Turn the wheel in the opposite direction d.
Straighten the wheel e.
Turn the steering wheel to the right f.
Straighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer
4. Errors to Avoid When Backing: a.
Turning the steering wheel too far b.
Holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long if trailer starts to _________________
5. Essential Equipment for Towing: a.
Additional equipment

Heavy-duty suspension

Increased-capacity cooling system

High-ratio axle

Oversize mirrors b.
Emergency equipment c.
Trailer hitch d.
Hitch ball
6. Connecting a Trailer: a.
Ball and coupler combinations – sized correctly for tight fit b.
Safety chains – crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitch c.
Breakaway chains – hooked to hitch or frame member d.
Electrical connections – set up so lights function properly
22

7. Pre Trip Check: a. Attach tongue of trailer to hitch b.
Snap locking mechanism c.
Put lock pin in place d.
Connect electrical wires e.
Check Brakes and Lights
8. Loading a Trailer Properly: a.
The rear of the vehicle should support 10 – 15% of the trailer load. b.
Arrange _________ of weight in the front half of trailer and _________ in rear. c.
Make sure trailer is level.
9. Pulling Heavy Loads: a.
The larger the load, the _________________ it will take to stop b.
_________________ following distance and test your stopping power c.
Use caution d.
Slow down
10. Jackknifing a Trailer: a.
Common when backing – will damage the hitch and the trailer b.
Occurs when angle between vehicle and trailer is less than ________ degrees c.
Back slowly and keep steering wheel movements to a minimum d.
If you get in trouble, pull _________________.
23

1.
Vehicle Ownership Costs: a.
Insurance Costs b.
Purchase and Financing Costs c.
Maintenance and Operating Costs d.
Registration and Inspection Costs
2.
Looking at Edmunds.com; TRUE COST TO OWN, select 2 cars, enter information below and do a 5- year comparison.
Vehicle 1:
______________ Make
______________ Model
______________ Year
______________ Style
Purchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________
Vehicle 2:
______________ Make
______________ Model
______________ Year
______________ Style
Purchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________ a. Based on your research which vehicle has a lower cost to own? b. What areas on the pie chart show how the vehicle is more expensive? c. What do these results mean to you as a future vehicle buyer?
3.
Insuring Your Vehicle: a.
Virginia law requires proof of ____________responsibility. b.
Your parents’ policy covers you while you have a ____________. c.
If you owe money on your car, the lender may require ____________ insurance.
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4. In Virginia, the financial responsibility requirement can be met in one of three ways: a.
The vehicle owner can insure the motor vehicle with minimum ____________through a policy issued by an insurance company licensed to do business in Virginia. OR b.
The vehicle owner can show proof that a Surety Bond has been duly executed, by depositing cash or securities with DMV, or apply for and receive a self-insurance certificate from DMV. OR c.
The vehicle owner must pay the Uninsured Motor Vehicle fee. d.
Every person registering an uninsured motor vehicle shall pay a fee of ______at the time of registration. Payment of this fee allows a motor vehicle owner to operate an uninsured motor vehicle. Payment of this fee does not provide the motorist with any insurance coverage. If involved in an accident, the uninsured motorist remains personally liable. The fee is valid for twelve months but may be prorated for the unexpired portion of the registration period. e.
Note: If liability insurance coverage on a vehicle terminates or cancels during the registration period, the vehicle owner must reinsure the vehicle, pay the uninsured motor vehicle fee or surrender the license plates to DMV.
5. The required minimum liability coverage is: a.
Bodily injury/death of one person $____________ b.
Bodily injury/death of two or more persons $____________ c.
Property Damage $____________ d.
6. You must show Proof of Financial Responsibility when: a.
A ____________asks to see it b.
You have a ____________ c.
You register your vehicle or renew license plates
7. Penalties for Driving without Proof of Financial Responsibility: a.
$500 fine b.
____________ of your driver’s license c.
Suspension of your vehicle registration d.
Higher insurance premiums for the next 3 years (SR-22) e.
You are ____________ for other people’s losses if you caused the crash
8. Declaration Page of Policy: a.
The exact name of your insurance company b.
The policy number c.
Your coverage and how much it costs d.
Your deductibles, if any e.
The vehicles insured on the policy, their vehicle identification numbers and their classifications for rating purposes
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9. Types of Insurance:
Type of Pays insurance
____________ Other people’s medical expenses
Other people’s auto repairs
Property damage
____________ Medical expenses
Funeral expense
Medical expenses
Funeral expenses
Car repairs
Car rental
Replacement of damaged contents
Your car repair
Your car replacement
Covers
You
Your family
Others driving with your permission
You
Your family
Your passengers
You
Your family
Your passengers
Your car
Regardless of driver or who was at fault
Required?
Yes, required by Virginia law
Not required by Virginia law
Not required by Virginia law but company must offer it
Not by Virginia law, but often required by the finance company that loaned you the money to buy the car
Car repair or replacement after:

Fire

Hailstorm

Theft or other non collision event

Theft of rental car
Towing
On site labor charges such as changing a tire
A rental car while your car is being repaired:

After a crash

After comprehensive losses
10. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium:
Actual cash value of your car
Your car
You
Your family
Not by Virginia law, but often required by car finance companies
Not required by Virginia law
Not required by Virginia law
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a.
Age, marital status, driving record, and grades b.
Highest rates- _______drivers under 25 and unmarried ____________ under 21 c.
Type of car - highest for luxury, high-performance, and sports cars d.
How you use your car e.
Higher for cars driven a lot of miles and used for school, work or business f.
Where you live and drive g.
Urban counties have more crashes and auto thefts, so rates tend to be higher than those in rural areas.
11. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium: a.
Your ____________
 Your share of the cost of a collision or comprehensive claim
 You can reduce your premium by raising your deductibles e.
Surcharges
 Penalties added for crashes and certain traffic violations f.
Discounts

Some are required by the state, while others are incentives offered by insurance companies
12. Discounts for Education and Car Equipment: (Some insurance companies offer the following discounts)
Auto Insurance Discount Savings
Defensive driving courses
Safety technologies, airbags and other passive restraints
Percent off liability, collision, and medical payments
Percent off medical payments and bodily Injury
Drug/alcohol education
Anti-theft devices
Two or more cars on a policy
Percent off liability, collision, medical payments, and bodily Injury
May reduce comprehensive premium; amount varies by device and county
May reduce liability, medical payments and collision
Insurance costs
13. High Risk Drivers (bad driving record): a.
Each company has rules for deciding whether to insure high-risk drivers (called “underwriting guidelines”). b.
Usually much harder to get car insurance c.
Pay much higher premiums
14. Assigned-risk Drivers: a.
Virginia Auto Insurance Plan requires all insurance companies to take some high risk drivers b.
High-risk drivers are ____________ to an insurance company by the state. c.
Surcharges are added to the premium for at least ____years.
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15. You Will Pay More for a Bad Driving Record:
16. Paying for Insurance: a.
Many people can’t afford to pay their car insurance premium in one installment. b.
Insurance companies must offer installment plans. c.
Look for insurance companies that offer installment plans with low interest rates and fees. d.
Agents and insurers may use finance companies that will lend you money at higher interest rates to pay insurance premiums.
17. What do you ask the agent? a.
Who will provide my installment plan?

The insurance company, or
 A premium finance company b.
If it is a premium finance company, what is the interest rate? c.
How much is the down payment? d.
How much is the monthly payment? e.
How many payments do I make? f.
How much is the total payment? (annual or six-month premium plus interest)
18. Compare the installment packages offered by agents and companies
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19. Losing Your Insurance: a.
Cancellation
 First ___ days, company can cancel for any reason,
including a ticket or a collision. b.
After policy is in effect more than 60 days, insurance company can cancel the policy but:
 Must give ___ days notice before canceling
 Must refund unearned premium c.
Note: Cancellation for non-payment is effective immediately d.
Non-renewal
20. If a Company Will Not Offer a New Contract: a.
Request reasons in writing

Why company canceled the policy

Why company will not renew the policy
21. After the Collision: a.
Know what your policy requires you to do after a collision. b.
Your uninsured motorist coverage pays for hit-and-run collisions only if the crash is reported to the police. c.
Stop as close to the scene as possible. d.
Check for injuries - make sure your passengers and those in the other vehicle(s) are OK

If anyone is injured or killed, contact police immediately.

If no one is injured and your vehicle can be moved, move it from blocking the traffic flow e.
Notify police f.
Warn oncoming traffic g.
Exchange information h.
Provide insurance information i.
Obtain information from others involved and witnesses
22. What should you do when you are involved in a crash and have a claim? a.
Notify your insurance company promptly. b.
Your agent can help you file the claim correctly. c.
Keep a copy of the forms for your records. d.
If the company rejects your claim or pays only part of it, request an explanation for that decision.
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1.
What do you need to think about before you purchase a vehicle? a.
New or used? b.
Do I really need It? c.
What safety features do I need? d.
How much will it cost? e.
How economical is it? f.
What options do I need?
2. Calculating Your Monthly Payment: a.
Purchase price x Interest rate x length of financing
Purchase price $10,000
Interest rate 8 percent
Length of finance 24 months b.
Purchase price + Sales taxes + Interest = Total price Approximately $11,592.00
3. What will you pay each month? a.
Cost of vehicle $10,000.00 b.
3.5% Titling tax c.
8% Interest on loan (based on unpaid balance) d.
Loan is over 24 months
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1. Preparing the Vehicle: a.
Loading considerations b.
Basic and emergency equipment needs c.
Personal preparation
2. Plan the Route: a.
Identify route b.
Use ____________ which give directions c.
Know route numbers, entrance and exit numbers d.
Consider rest, fuel and food stops, construction and time of day e.
GPS can be useful, but set before driving
3. Prepare and Maintain the Vehicle: a.
Before traveling check:
 ____________, windows and wiper blades
 Lights
 Tires
 Fluid levels, belts, hoses, and brakes
 Engine compartment (tune-up, oil change) b.
Follow vehicle manufacturer’s maintenance schedule and have vehicle repaired if any problems are detected.
4. Pack Emergency Equipment: a.
Be prepared for anything b.
Maps with routes marked c.
Flashlight, first-aid kit d.
Tools e.
Jack, spare tire, lug wrench, jumper cables f.
Tow line, gloves, blanket, radiator coolant, anti-freeze and windshield wiper fluid g.
Window scraper, chains and warm clothing
5. Load the Vehicle Properly: a.
Do not overload vehicle b.
Load trunk area first and secure loose items c.
____________. per belted seat plus 125-175 for luggage d.
Car-top carriers affect braking and steering
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6. Driver Readiness for a Trip: a.
Get plenty of sleep b.
Drive during waking hours c.
Take breaks and do not drive for long periods d.
Be aware of “highway hypnosis” and “down time” e.
Be prepared for anything f.
Make reservations in advance g.
Let others know where you are staying h.
Determine costs
7. Trip Costs: a.
Lodging (hotel/motel) b.
Meals c.
Tolls d.
Possible repairs e.
Fuel f.
Calculating fuel costs

1,500 mile trip

Car gets 22 mpg

Fuel costs $2 per gallon
8. Reading a Road Map: a.
North orientation b.
____________ (explains the markings and symbols on the map) c.
Town/City index d.
Coordinates

Letters/numbers reference location e.
Maps of major cities f.
Determining distances

Map scale

Mileage chart
9. Destination Driving: a.
Using a Virginia map, plan a trip from your home to a point in Virginia more than five hours away
 Your car gets 20 mph - cost of fuel is $3/gallon b.
List the route numbers (Example: I-95 North) c.
How long it will take? d.
How many miles? e.
Location of rest stops? f.
Cost of fuel?
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1. How can the driver conserve natural resources? a.
Accelerate ____________ b.
Drive at moderate speeds c.
Avoid unnecessary braking and try to anticipate the traffic ahead d.
Avoid excessive ____________ e.
Join a car pool for commuting to and from school or work f.
Keep your vehicle in good working order g.
Recycle old oil and fluids h.
Recycle old vehicle parts
2. Disposal of Vehicle Parts and Fluids: a.
Hazardous substances need to be disposed of in the ____________- not just dumped onto the ground or poured down the drain. b.
Take items to the nearest hazard waste collection center or other appropriate collection location such as an automotive repair shop c.
Contact your local health department to find an appropriate drop-off location.
3. Tips for Protecting the Environment: a.
Call your local recycling center, service station, sanitation center, or local health department to review proper recycling procedures. b.
Read all labels carefully to ensure you are using the correct container. c.
Monitor and fix automotive fluid leaks. d.
Use a funnel for pouring automotive fluids to prevent spills. e.
Catch any drained fluid and store in a container, or a well-sealed and labeled plastic jug f.
Never discard used automotive fluid in sinks, storm drains, the garbage, or on the ground g.
Store automotive fluids separately — ____________ mix them together.
4. Ways to Save Gas: a.
Drive fuel efficient cars b.
Reduce cargo weight c.
Avoid excessive idling d.
Use cruise control e.
Use overdrive gears f.
Keep your engine tuned g.
Keep tires properly Inflated h.
Commuting and public transportation i.
Plan and combine trips j.
Drive less - walk and bike more
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5.
Checking on Gas Mileage: a.
When shopping for a new or used vehicle (or even renting a vehicle), choose the cleanest, most fuelefficient vehicle that meets your needs. b.
You can also learn more about the fuel economy and environment label that you’ll see on all new vehicles.
 The label has been redesigned and updated for even easier comparison-shopping.
 These new window stickers provide fuel economy and environmental ratings for all new vehicles, including advanced technology vehicles like electric cars and plug-in hybrids. And while at the showroom, you can scan the QR Code® on each vehicle’s label to be connected to additional information online, including personalized cost and energy-use estimates.
Unless your vehicle is designed for premium fuel or knocks severely with regular fuel, there is no benefit from using premium fuel over regular gas.
6. Driving in Hot Weather: a.
Hot weather can actually increase your fuel economy. b.
Running your car's air conditioning is the main contributor to reduced fuel economy in hot weather. c.
Driving with your windows down can also reduce fuel economy.
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