Revolution: a change
Agricultural revolution: a change in agriculture (farming). This leads to more food resulting in
people eating more and being healthier and living longer.
Open field system: a crop rotation system where one field was left fallow or turned into pasture
for a time to try to recover some of its plant nutrients.
Fallow: empty
Crop Rotation: the process of growing different crops in the same fields every year.
It doesn’t strip the land of nutrients and replenishes missing ones.
Cottage industry: people making things in tgheir
Enclosure movement: wealthy landowners buying up the lands of the village farmers
and enclosing (closing them in) them in large fields. The former farmers either worked on the farm
or moved to the cities.
Industrial revolution: a change in industry (production, business)
Where did the Industrial Revolution start? England because it had the rivers and the coal and
iron mines.
Importance of rivers? Power the machines and transport more good and quicker.
Importance of coal?
 The fuel of the Industrial Revolution
 Used to power steam engines
 Cheaper than other materials
 More efficient than wood
 Abundant in Northern England & Wales
Importance of iron?
 The foundation of the Industrial Revolution
 Railroads, bridges, buildings, trains, etc.
 Later replaced by the much stronger steel
Importance of the steam engine?
 The machinery of the IR
 Vastly improved by James Watt
 Created a power source
 Heat water with fire
 Use steam/pressure to drive pistons
 Creates energy
 No longer needed to near moving water (rivers/water wheel). Can
now get water out of the ground instead of rivers
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution (be sure to know why they are important):
1. James Watt: steam engine
2. Eli Whitney: cotton gin
3. Henry Bessemer: Bessemer process (new, clean way to make steel)
4. Richard Trevithick/George Stephenson: locomotive
5. Thomas Edison: lightbulb
6. Samuel Morse: telegraph (communicate via Morse code)
7. Robert Fulton: steamship
8. James Hargreaves: spinning Jenny
The Factory:
 Located on rivers
 Specialization of labor (people doing only one task)
 Standardization of products (everything is the same)
 Regular hours and work shifts (Effect of the light bulb?)
 Dangerous working conditions
 Child labor: long working hours, one break, abused or fined if broke rules
The Effects of Industrialization:
 Urbanization: the building of cities and people moving to them
 New way of life:
1.Poor living conditions
2.Harsh working conditions
3.Emerging middle class
 Poor Living Conditions:
1. No building or sanitary codes
2. Families crowded into one bedroom (tenements)
3. Streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage
4. Widespread sickness
Scavengers: the youngest children in the textile factories. They had to pick up the loose cotton
from under the machinery. It was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out
the task while the machine was still working.
Unions: an organized group of workers who collectively use their strength to have a voice in their
workplace. Through a union, workers have a right to impact wages, work hours, benefits,
workplace health and safety, job training and other work-related issues.
1. Began as trade clubs only for skilled workers. They could strike for higher wages.
2. Became legal in England in 1824. They were based on trade (carpenters, blacksmiths, etc.)
3. Striking was legalized in England in 1870
4. Included skilled and unskilled workers
Collective bargaining: negotiations between workers and their employers.
Strike: to refuse to work
Capitalism: an economic system in which there is private ownership, competition, free-trade, and
individuals own the means of production. Everything is done for self-interest.
Socialism: an economic system in which the community or state owns the business and things
are given out as needed. Everything is done for the community.
Communism: an economic system in which there is no government and everyone shares equally.
The true sense of communism has never existed. What we’ve seen is Russian Communism: all
good belong to the government. People work for the government and then buy products for the
government.
Adam Smith:
 Consider the founder of modern economics
 Capitalist
 Wrote The Wealth of Nations
 Laissez-faire economics (hands off, no government interference)
 Free trade
Karl Marx:
 Founder of Communism
 Wanted a classless socieity
 Wrote Communist Manifesto
 Thought that the workers proletariat (workers) would rise up and overthrow the
bourgeoisie (owners).
Louis Pasteur: discovered germs and bacteria and developed inoculations. Also known for the
pasteurization of milk.
Edward Jenner: developed the small pox vaccine. People were injected with cow pox. They
were at first afraid of the vaccination.