U.S. History - Semester 1 Review (ANSWERS)
Name:___________________________ Date: _________________________ Block: ________
Reasons for the increase in westward expansion:
1. Opportunities for land ownership
2. Technological advances, including the Transcontinental
Railroad
3. Possibility of obtaining wealth, created by the discovery of
gold and silver
4. Desire for adventure
5. Desire for a new beginning for African Americans
EIGHT (8) Inventions and Adaptations of the Great Plains
wheat farming
barbed wire
steel plows
windmills
dry farming
beef cattle
raising
sod houses
railroads
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE OF THE GREAT PLAINS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flatlands that rise gradually from East to West
Land eroded by wind and water
Low rainfall
Frequent dust storms
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American Indians opposed
expansion resulting in one
famous battle, the Battle of Little
Bighorn, led by Sitting Bull.
Their homelands were reduced
due to treaties that were broken.
Impact of
westward
expansion on
American Indians
They were forced to try to
assimilate into the settlers’
culture and change their lifestyle,
especially with the reduction of
their main resource: buffalo.
They were forced to relocate,
such as Chief Joseph and the Nez
Perce, from their traditional lands
to reservations.
Their population was reduced
through warfare, such as in the
Battle of Wounded Knee in which
the American Army massacred
many American Indians.
RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROBLEMS
1. Southern military leaders could not hold office
2. African Americans could hold office
3. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which also
authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement
4. Northern soldiers supervised the south
5. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African Americans in the
South
6. Southerners resented Northern “carpetbaggers” who took advantage of the South during
Reconstruction.
7. Southern states adopted Black Codes to limit the economic and physical freedom of former
slaves.
END OF
RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction ended in 1877 as a result of a
compromise over the election of 1876.
Federal troops were removed from the South.
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Rights
that African Americans had gained were
lost through “Jim Crow” laws.
IMPORTANT FIGURES IN AMERICAN HISTORY
Robert E. Lee


He urged Southerners to
reconcile with Northerners
at the end of the Civil War
when some wanted to
continue to fight.
He became President of
Washington College, now
knows as Washington and
Lee University
Frederick Douglass


He fought for adoption of
constitutional amendments
that guaranteed voting
rights
Was a powerful voice for
human rights and civil
liberties for all
Abraham Lincoln

Had a reconstruction plan
calling for reconciliation
Preservation of the Union
was more important that
punishing the South

Booker T. Washington


W.E.B. DuBois

Believed in full political,
sivil, and social rights for
African Americans
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Believed equality could be
achieved through vocational
education (job training)
Accepted social segregation
What is “racial segregation?”



What were “Jim Crow” laws?

It is based upon race
It was directed primarily
against African Americans, but
other groups were also kept
segregated
American Indians were not
considered citizens until 1924


Passed to discriminate against
African Americans
Made discrimination practices
legal in many communities and
states
Were characterized by unequal
opportunities
EIGHT PARTS OF BIG BUSINESS
Advertising
Moving
finished
products
to markets
Moving
natural
resources
to factories
Advanced
transportation
Big Business
needs these
8 to grow
and prosper
Capital /
financial
resources
Lower cost
production
4
Factories
and mills
Increased
labor supply
due to
immigration
BIG BUSINESSES AND SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIES
City/Region:
New England
Industry:
Textiles
City/Region:
Pittsburgh
Industry: Steel
City/Region:
Detroit
Industry:
Automobile
City/Region:
City/Region:
Chicago
Texas
Industry: Beef
cattle raising
Industry:
Meatpacking
“CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY”
Captain: John D. Rockefeller
Industry: Oil
Captain: Andrew Carnegie
Industry: Steel
Captain: Cornelius Vanderbilt
Industry: Shipping and railroad
Captain: J.P. Morgan
Industry: Banking
Captain: Henry Ford
Industry: Automobile
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Two inventions that contributed to great change and
industrial growth:
1. Electric lighting and mechanical uses of
electricity
a. Inventor: Thomas Edison
2. Telephone service
a. Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell
Mechanization, such
as the reaper,
reduced farm labor
needs and increase
production.
Industrialization
provided new access
to consumer goods
(e.g. mail order).
Post-Civil War Changes in
farm and city life:
Industrial
development in cities
created increased
labor needs.
Reasons Why Cities Grew and
Developed:
Specialized industries,
including steel (Pittsburgh)
and meat packing
(Chicago)
Immigration to America
from other countries
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Movement of Americans
from rural to urban areas
for job opportunities
Hope for better
opportunities
Religious freedom
What were the reasons
for the increase in
immigration to the
United States in the
1800s and 1900s?
Escape from
oppressive
governments
Adventure
What were some of the challenges faced by cities?
1. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded
neighborhoods and tenements, and creation of ghettos.
2. Political machines gained power by helping immigrants find jobs and
housing, in exchange for votes, leading to political corruption.
Settlement houses
were created in
order to help new
immigrants find
jobs and housing.
What is the name of
the settlement
house Jane Addams
created?
HULL
HOUSE
IRISH
CHINESE
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Which two groups
of immigrants faced
a significant
amount of
discrimination
upon arrival to
America?
AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY
1. In the map below, color and label (in the key) each of the seven
regions of the United States.
2. Label two states in each region.
3. Label two cities in each region.
Key:
Northeast:
Southeast:
Midwest:
Southwest:
Rocky Mountains:
Pacific:
Noncontiguous:
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CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
13th Amendment – bans slavery in the United States and all of its territories
14th Amendment – grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States
and guarantees them equal protection under the law
15th Amendment – ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude
*The amendments above guarantee equal protection
under the law for all citizens.*
18th Amendment – prohibited manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic
beverages
19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote
21st Amendment – banned Prohibition
Low wages,
long hours
Negative Effects of
Industrialization
Unsafe
working
conditions
Child labor
Reduced
work hours
Progressive Movement
Workplace Reforms
Restrictions
on child
labor
9
Improved
safety
conditions
What was one of the first significant labor
unions in America and who was its founder?
Labor Union: American Federation of Labor
(AFL)
Founder: Samuel Gompers
What was the name of the strike in the
Pennsylvania steel company that turned
violent?
The Homestead Strike
What were the goals of the suffrage movement
and who were its leaders?
 Increased educational opportunities for
women
 Voting rights for women
o (19th Amendment)
 LEADERS: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton
What was the temperance movement?
 It was composed of groups opposed to the
making and consuming of alcohol
 Supported the 18th Amendment
 LEADER: Carrie Nation
10
What were the reasons for the Spanish American War?
1. Protection of American business interests in Cuba
2. American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain
3. Rising tensions between the United States as a result of the sinking of
the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor
4. Exaggerated news reports of events (yellow journalism)
What were the results of the Spanish American War?
1. The United States emerged as a world power
2. Cuba gained independence from Spain
3. The United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam and
Puerto Rico

What did the
Roosevelt
Corollary to
the Monroe
Doctrine do?


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Asserted the United States’ right
to interfere in the economic
matters of other nations in the
Americas
Claimed the United States’ right
to exercise international police
power
Advocated Big Stick Diplomacy
(building the Panama Canal)
Inability to remain neutral
The Zimmerman
Telegram
Reasons for the
United States’
involvement in
World War I:
German
submarine
warfare (sinking
of the Lusitania)
United States’ economic and political ties to
Great Britain
MAJOR ALLIED POWERS






CENTRAL POWERS
 German Empire
 Austro-Hungarian
Empire
 Bulgaria
 Ottoman Empire
British Empire
France
Russia
Serbia
Belgium
United States
United States’ leadership at the end of WWI:
 President Wilson created a plan for peace called the Fourteen
Points, calling for the creation of the League of Nations
 The U.S. did not join the League of Nations because the United
States Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
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