Warm Up
Hand
in writing. Top Tray
Figure out who your
partner is going to be for
next class
Pick up security agreement
off of the overhead . You
need both pages
Chapter 15 pt. 2: Mood Disorders,
Dissociation, Schizophrenia, and
Personality Disorders
Mood Disorders Illustrate
Emotional Extremes
 Mood Disorders are characterized
by emotional extremes and come
in variety of forms:
–1. Major Depressive Disorder
–2. Dysthymic Disorder
–3. Seasonal Affective Disorder
–4. Bipolar Disorder
Depression Is Pervasive
 Nearly
everyone will experience at least
some type of mild depression in their
life often due to some external sad event.
 Major Depressive Disorder:
differentiates itself from mild depression
since a person has depressed mood,
feelings of worthlessness, and diminished
interest FOR NO EXTERNAL REASON for 2
or more weeks. .
– Dysthymic Disorder: less severe down
swing in mood but lasts for 2 or more
years.
Depression

Seasonal Affective
Disorder: also known as
“winter depression.”
Nearly unknown in the
tropics, but measurably
prevalent in higher
latitudes especially in
polar areas where
daylight becomes rare in
winter.
Gender and Depression
25
Percentage
of population
aged 18-84
experiencing
major
depression
at some
point In life
Around the world
women are more
susceptible to
depression
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
USA Edmonton Puerto
Rico
Males
Females
Paris
West
Florence Beirut
Germany
Taiwan
Korea
New
Zealand
Gender and Depression
10%
Percentage 8
depressed
Females
6
4
2
0
Males
12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Age in Years
Effects on Depression
Neurotransmitter,
serotonin is scarce
during depression.
 Cognitively, people
tend to have a
negative
explanatory outlook
which helps feed
depression and lower
mood.

Brain
chemistry
Cognition
Mood
Vicious Cycle of Depression
1
Stressful
 Breaking
experiences
4
Cognitive and
2
Negative
behavioral changes
explanatory style
3
Depressed
mood
any of the
links can
often help
eliminate
depression.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder:
mood disorder in which
person alternates
between hopelessness
and lethargy of
depression and the
overexcited,
hyperactive, optimistic
state of mania.
 Used to be known as
Manic Depressive
Disorder.
– 1%

VS.
Mood Disorders and Suicide
Suicides per 70
100,000 people 60
50
40
The higher suicide rate
among men greatly
increases in late
adulthood
30
20
10
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Males
Females
Explaining Mood Disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Many behavioral and cognitive changes
accompany depression
 Unmotivated, grades decreases, no
sleep…….
Depression is widespread
Women at greater risk
 Women more passive
 Men more active
Depression usually goes away
Stressful events usually precede
depression
Depression is striking more and earlier
Explaining Mood Disorders
 Genetic
–Mood disorders are genetic
–Have not found a single
“depression” gene
 The
Brain
–Decrease in serotonin
–Lack of activity in frontal lobe
Dissociative Disorders

Symptoms
– Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time
periods, events and people
– Mental health problems, including depression
and anxiety
– A sense of being detached from yourself
(depersonalization)
– A perception of the people and things around
you as distorted and unreal (derealization)
– A blurred sense of identity
Dissociative Disorders

Causes
– children subjected to chronic physical,
sexual or emotional abuse
– a home environment that is otherwise
frightening or highly unpredictable.
– A child who learns to dissociate in order
to endure an extended period of his or
her youth may use this coping
mechanism in response to stressful
situations throughout life.
 In
Dissociative Disorders
general Dissociative
Disorders are disorders in which
a person’s conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated)
from previous memories and
feelings.
 Dissociative Identity Disorder:
used to be known as multiple
personality disorder. Rare
disorder where person exhibits 2
or more distinct and alternating
personalities.
Dissociative Disorders Include
Amnesia (NOT IN BOOK)
Unlike other forms of memory loss dissociative
memory loss is NOT caused by brain trauma.
 Anterograde Amnesia: loss of memory after a
traumatic event. Cant learn new facts that occur
after incident.
 Retrograde Amnesia: loss of memories from
before a traumatic event. Cant remember
anything prior to the incident.
 Dissociative (Psychogenic) Amnesia: is the loss
of a person’s identity. According to Freud, caused
by intense anxiety. Serves as an escape.

Dissociation Disorders (NOT IN
BOOK)
Dissociative (Psychogenic)
Fugue State: when person with
amnesia physically moves
away from home and takes on a
new identity somewhere else.
 Usually temporary and according
to some researchers is caused by
traumatic/stressful episode.

Schizophrenia Is Not One Disorder
 Schizophrenia
is a group
of disorders characterized
by disorganized and
delusional thinking,
disturbed perceptions, and
inappropriate emotions.
 Schizophrenics often
experience hallucinations
(false perceptions) and
delusions (false beliefs of
grandeur or persecution).
Background
1 in 100 ppl get it
 Typically appears in
teens and
twenties

– Men before 25
– Women 25-45

Men and women
affected equally
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=xEXyqe8
5cuA&safety_mode=t
rue&persist_safety_m
ode=1&safe=active
 http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=4LScZZ
OkeIs&safety_mode=
true&persist_safety_
mode=1&safe=active

Positive vs. Negative
Symptoms
 Positive
symptoms involve the
presence of inappropriate perceptions
behavior.
–Ex: Hallucinations, Delusions,
“Word Salad,” Inappropriate laughter,
etc.
 Negative symptoms involves the
absence of appropriate behavior.
–Ex: toneless voices, expressionless,
rigid, mute, etc.
Explaining Schizophrenia:
Brain Chemistry
 Most
psychologists believe disorganized
thinking and hallucinations is caused by a
breakdown in selective attention.
 Selective attention breakdown is most
likely caused by an overabundance of the
neurotransmitter dopamine.
 Abnormal brain chemistry
What Causes it?
Don’t really know…. Maybe…..
 Low birth weight
 Oxygen deprivation
 Viral infections while in the womb
 Genetics definitely play a role
 Environment or parenting is not thought
to cause it
 Environmental events may trigger it

Warning Signs……
A mother who whose schizophrenia was
severe and long lasting
 Birth complications
 Separation from parents
 Short attention span and poor muscle
coordination
 Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
 Emotional unpredictability
 Poor peer relations and solo play

Schizophrenia and Genetics
Lifetime risk 40
of developing
schizophrenia 30
for relatives of
a schizophrenic
20
10
0
General
population
Siblings
Children
Fraternal Children
Identical
twin
of two
twin
schizophrenia
victims
Personality disorders

Symtoms
– Frequent mood swings
– Stormy relationships
– Social isolation
– Angry outbursts
– Suspicion and mistrust of others
– Difficulty making friends
– A need for instant gratification
– Poor impulse control
– Alcohol or substance abuse
Personality disorders

Causes
– The causes of personality disorders are not
fully known.
– Nurture- possible causes include trauma in
early childhood such as abuse, violence,
inadequate parenting and neglect.
– nature- Neurological and genetic factors may
also play a part
Personality Disorders


Personality Disorders refer to inflexible
and enduring behavior patterns that impair
social functioning.
Variety of Types:
– 1. Avoidant Personality: avoids
personal interaction because they fear
they are inadequate or socially inept.
– 2. Paranoid Personality: constant
distrust of others; believe others are out
to get you.
Personality Disorder Types
Continued
3.
Borderline Personality: characterized by
mood instability and poor self-image.
Trouble maintaining relationships.
4.
Histrionic Personality: must be center of
attention; constantly interrupts others.
5. Narcissistic Personality: very self
centered personality. Will exaggerate
achievements.
Antisocial Personality Does Not Mean
Shyness/Not Good With People
 Anti-Social Personality
Disorder: characterized by
a lack of conscience for
wrong-doing toward
anyone.
 Often aggressive or con
artists and fearless.
 Murderers like Charles
Manson.
Explaining Antisocial
Personality
 PET
scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Influences on Criminals
35
30
Percentage
of criminal
offenders
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total crime
Childhood
poverty
Thievery
Obstetrical
complications
Violence
Both poverty
and obstetrical
complications
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Ethnicity
Gender
Disorder
White
Black
Hispanic
Men
Women
Totals
Alcohol abuse
or dependence
13.6%
13.8%
16.7%
23.8%
4.6%
13.8%
Generalized anxiety
3.4
6.1
3.7
2.4
5.0
3.8
Phobia
9.7
23.4
12.2
10.4
17.7
14.3
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.6
Mood disorder
8.0
6.3
7.8
5.2
10.2
7.8
Schizophrenic
disorder
1.4
2.1
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
Antisocial personality
disorder
2.6
2.3
3.4
4.5
0.8
2.6