HEALTH AND P.E.
CPR and First Aid
FIRST AID
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Why is First Aid important?
It is important because a delay of
just a few minutes when a
person’s heart stops can mean the
difference between life or death.
What is First Aid?
It is the immediate care to an
injured or suddenly ill person. It
consists of providing temporary
medical assistance until qualified
medical care arrives.
Good Samartian Laws provide
protection against lawsuits. As
in when a rescuer is acting
during an emergency, in good
faith, without compensation, and
not guilty of malicious
misconduct.
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Duty to act can be required by
employment or if the rescuer is a
caretaker.
A verbal nod is consent to
perform first aid. If the victim is
unresponsive, then verbal
consent is implied.
Abandonment is when the
rescuer leaves the victim without
help.
Negligence is when the victim
suffers further injury because the
care given did not meet standards
expected from a person of similar
training.
Items in a First Aid Kit should be
bandages, gloves, tape, scissors,
etc.
CPR –CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
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A heart attack occurs when the
muscle tissue dies because its blood
supply is severely reduced or
stopped. If the damage is too severe,
the victims heart can stop beating
which is called cardiac arrest.
The Chain of Survival is a way of
describing the ideal sequence of
care that should take place when a
cardiac arrest occurs
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1. Early access
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2. Early CPR
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3. Early defibrillation
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4. Early advanced care
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5
r7haVfZXek
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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular
Disease that you cannot change:
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Heredity, Gender, and Age
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Risk Factors that you CAN change:
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Smoking, High Blood Pressure,
Diabetes, Obesity, High
Cholesterol, Physical Inactivity and
Excessive Stress
PERFORMING CPR
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When a person’s heart stops
beating, they need CPR
CPR consists of breathing oxygen
into a victim’s lungs and moving
blood to the heart and brain by
giving chest compressions.
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CPR Steps
1. Check for responsiveness. Tap
the victims shoulder and ask if
they are OK. If the victim does
not respond, ask a bystander to
call 911.
2. Chest compressions. This
moves a minimal amount of blood
to the heart and brain. Place one
hand over the other in the center
of the chest and give 30
compressions ranging from 1.5 to
2 inches on an adult.
3. Open airway and check for
breathing. Place the victim on a
hard surface and open airway by
doing the head tilt, chin lift.
Place your ear by their mouth
and listen for breathing while you
watch to see if the chest rises and
falls.
4. Rescue breaths. Pinch the nose
and put your mouth over victim’s
and give 2 rescue breaths.
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
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In a mild airway obstruction, the
victim will be able to make a
forceful cough.
In a severe airway obstruction,
the signs will include:
Difficult breathing, weak cough,
can’t speak or breathe, skin and
inside of mouth appear bluish
gray.
Official sign of choking is to
clutch the neck with both hands!
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Steps for assisting a choking
victim who cannot cough, speak
or breathe:
1. Ask if they are OK
2. Have someone call 911
3. Position yourself behind them
and find their naval.
4. Place one fist just above
victim’s naval, grasp it with the
other hand, and press into
victim’s abdomen with quick and
upward thrusts.
If the victim becomes
unresponsive, call 911 and give
CPR. Each time you give a
breath, look for the object and if
seen, remove it.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
4 Steps of CPR
 Explain in detail what
occurs in each step
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What is First Aid?
 Why is it important?
 Explain all vocabulary
associated with First
Aid.
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BLEEDING
AND WOUNDS
External Bleeding
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Hemorrhage is when there is a
large amount of bleeding in a
short period of time.
Three types of external bleeding
are:
1. Capillary
2. Venous
3. Arterial
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There are 6 types of open
wounds:
1. Abrasion
2. Laceration
3. Incision
4. Puncture
5. Avulsion
6. Amputation
There are 7 steps to care for
external bleeding.
1. Wear exam gloves
2. Expose the wound
3. Place a dressing
4. Elevate injury above heart
5. Apply a pressure bandage
6. If blood soaks through, add
more bandages.
7. Apply pressure at pressure
point if bleeding persists.
BLEEDING AND WOUNDS
Internal Bleeding
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Signs of internal bleeding
include:
Wound Care
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Bruising, painful tender areas,
vomiting or coughing up blood,
and stool that black or contains
blood.
Care for minor internal bleeding:
R.I.C.E – Rest, ice, compression,
elevation
Care for serious internal
bleeding:
Call 911, care for shock by raising
legs 6-12 inches, roll victim onto
side if they are vomiting, monitor
breathing.
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Care for a minor wound:
Wash with soap and water, flush
wound, remove small objects,
apply direct pressure, apply
antibiotic ointment, cover the
area with dressing, and seek
medical attention for a wound
with a high risk of infection.
Signs of wound infection:
Swelling and redness, sensation
of warmth, throbbing pain, pus
discharge, fever, swollen lymph
nodes, red streaks from wound to
heart.
BLEEDING AND WOUNDS
Special Wounds
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Caring for amputations:
Call 911, control bleeding, care for
shock, recover amputated part,
wrap it in sterile gauze and in a
waterproof container and keep it
cool – do not freeze it.
Care for impaled objects:
Expose the area, do NOT remove
the object, control bleeding with
pressure, stabilize object, shorten
the object of necessary.
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Wounds that require medical
care
Wounds that will not stop bleeding
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Long or deep cuts that need stitches
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Cuts over a joint
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Cuts that impair function
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Cuts that remove all layers of skin
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Cuts from an animal or human bite
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Damaged nerves, tendons, or joints
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Cuts over broken bones
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Cuts caused by crushing injuries
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Cuts caused by embedded objects
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Cuts caused by metal
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Puncture wounds
SHOCK –WHEN THE BODY’S TISSUE DOES NOT
RECEIVE ENOUGH OXYGENATED BLOOD
Signs of shock
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Altered mental status
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Agitation
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Anxiety
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Restlessness
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Confusion
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Cold, pale, clammy skin, nails,
lips
Anaphylaxis
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A severe allergic reaction caused
by:
Medications, food, insect stings or
plants
Signs of anaphylaxis include:
Breathing difficulty, skin
reaction, swelling of the
tongue/mouth/throat, sneezing,
coughing, tightness in chest,
blueness around lips and mouth,
dizziness, nausea and vomiting
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Nausea and vomiting
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Unresponsiveness
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Care Includes:
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Place victim on back
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Care Includes:
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Raise legs 6-12 inches
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Call 911
Place blankets under and over
victim
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Determine if victim has
medication for their allergy
Keep victim sitting up to promote
breathing
ANY QUESTIONS??
BURNS –THERE ARE THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF
BURNS: THERMAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL
Thermal Burns
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First Degree Burn affects the skin’s outer layer and
includes redness, mild swelling, tenderness and pain.
Second Degree Burn extends to the inner layers of skin
and includes blisters, swelling, weeping fluid and pain.
Third Degree Burns penetrate all layers including fat and
muscle.
BURNS
Seek Care for Thermal Burns when the victim:
 Is younger than 5 or older than 55
 Has difficulty breathing
 Other injuries exist
 Electrical injuries exist
 Face, hands, feet or genital are burned
 Child abuse is suspected
 Second degree larger than 20% of body
 Burn is third degree
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BURNS
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Care for First Degree Burns:
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Cool burn with cold water
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Apply aloe vera or moisturizer
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Give ibuprofen
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Care for Second Degree Burns <20% body
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Remove clothing and jewelry
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Cool burn with cold water
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Apply antibiotic ointment
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Cover burn with dry, nonstick dressing
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Give ibuprofen
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Care for Second Degree Burns >20% body
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Monitor breathing
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Remove clothing or jewelry that is not stuck
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Cover burn with dry, non stick dressing
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Care for shock
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Seek medical care.
BURNS
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Chemical Burns – when a caustic or corrosive substance touches the skin
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Examples – battery acid, harsh cleaning supplies
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Care for a chemical burn
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Flush area with water
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Remove clothing and jewelry
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Cover affected area with dry dressing
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Seek medical care
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Electrical Burns – types and cause are thermal burns (flame), arc burn
(flash), and true electrical injury (contact)
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Care for Electrical Burns
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Unplug or turn off power
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Monitor breathing
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Check for possible spinal injury
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Care for shock
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Call 911 for medical care
HEAD AND SPINAL INJURIES
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Scalp wounds – result in heavy bleeding
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Care for scalp wounds
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Apply a sterile dressing and direct
pressure
Head and shoulders need to be slightly
elevated
Seek medical care
Skull fracture – results from a significant
force to the skull
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Signs of skull fracture
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Pain at the point of injury
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Deformity of the skull
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Drainage of fluids from nose or ears
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Bruising under the eyes or behind the ear
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Changes in pupils
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Heavy scalp bleeding
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Penetrating wound
Care for Skull Fracture
Monitor breathing
Control bleeding
Stabilize head and neck
Seek medical care
CONCUSSION – A TEMPORARY DISTURBANCE OF BRAIN
ACTIVITY, CAN BE CAUSE BY A BLOW TO THE HEAD
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Signs of brain injury include:
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Befuddled facial expression
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Slowness in answering questions
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Unaware of where they are
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Stabilize head and neck
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Slurred speech
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Control any scalp bleeding
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Crying for no reason
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Inability to recite months of the
year in reverse
Unresponsiveness
Complaints of headache,
dizziness and nausea
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Care for brain injury:
Monitor breathing and provide
care if necessary
If vomiting turn victim on their
side
Seek medical care
EYE INJURIES
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Care for eye injuries:
Lift the upper lid over the lower lid, so the lashes can brush object out
Hold eyelid open and wash with warm water
Examine the lower lid by pulling it down gently
Examine the underside of the upper lid. If you can see the object, remove
it gently.
Care for penetrating eye injury:
Stabilize embedded object with bulky dressing
Have victim keep eye closed
Call 911
Care for a blow to the eye:
Apply ice for 15 min (NOT directly on eyeball
Seek medical care if there is pain, double vision or reduced vision
EYE CARE
Care for cuts of the eye:
Do not apply direct pressure
Keep victim’s eye closed
Seek medical care
Care for chemicals in the eye:
Flush with warm water for 20 minutes
Loosely bandage eyes with wet dressings
Seek medical care
Care for burns of the eye from light:
Cover both eyes with wet dressings and cold packs
Seek medical care
NOSE INJURIES – TWO
TYPES ARE ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR
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Care for a nosebleed:
Tilt victim’s head slightly
FORWARD
Pinch soft parts with steady
pressure
Seek medical care
Recognize a broken nose:
Pain, swelling and crooked nose
Bleeding and breathing difficulty
Black eyes appear 1-2 days after
injury
Care for a broken nose:
Provide care as a nosebleed
Apply icepack
Seek medical care
SPINAL INJURIES
Common signs of spinal injuries:
 Inability to move arms or legs
 Numbness, tingling, weakness or burning
sensation
 Deformity
 Neck or back pain
 Care for spinal injuries:
 Stabilize head and neck to prevent movement (Do
NOT MOVE VICTIM to do this!)
 Open airway, check for breathing
 Call 911
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CHEST INJURIES
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Closed chest injury: when the
victims skin is not broken
Open Chest Injury: When the skin
is broken and the chest wall is
penetrated.
Flail Chest: When several ribs in
the same area are broken in more
than one place.
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Signs of rib fracture:
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Sharp pain
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Shallow breathing
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Victim holds injured area
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Care for rib fractures:
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Help victim find comfortable
position
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Stabilize the ribs
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Seek medical care
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Care for embedded object in chest:
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Do NOT remove object
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Use bulky dressings to stabilize
object
Call 911
ABDOMINAL
INJURIES
Pelvic Injuries
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Closed Abdominal Injury:
When there is a direct blow
from a blunt object.
Care: Place victim in
comfortable position,care for
shock and seek medical care
Open Abdominal Injury:
Penetrating wounds, embedded
objects and protruding organs.
Care: Comfortable position
with legs upward, Cover loosely
with dressings, care for shock,
call 911
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Usually caused by a motor
vehicle crash or fall from a
height
Signs: pain that increases
with movement, inability to
walk or stand, signs of shock
Care: Keep victim still, care
for shock, call 911
PELVIC INJURIES
Usually caused by a motor vehicle crash or fall
from a height
 Signs: pain that increases with movement,
inability to walk or stand, signs of shock
 Care: Keep victim still, care for shock, call 911
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REVIEW
ROLE PLAY – TEAMS OF 6
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You will be assigned a scenario
from any of the subjects that we
have covered. You must create a
First Aid plan of action to help
your victim(s). You will be doing
a 10 minute presentation after
the break.
Everyone has a role and must
participate.
Work with each other and with
your notes to figure out the best
First Aid care to give.
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6 people on a team
Director (in command of the
presentation)
Author (write down the plan
of action)
Narrator (tell us what is
going on and what First Aid
care is happening to fix the
problem.
2 First Aid Responders (must
be the ones giving the first
aid correctly.)
1 Victim (has all the injuries)
BE CREATIVE and HAVE
FUN!