Warm Up
1. Pick up the warm up off of the front desk
2. Find a partner and spend 15-20 reviewing
the disorders, by describing them in 5 words
3. Write down your HW
4. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mentally-ill-
youth-in-crisis/
5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP55nA8
fQ9I
CHAPTER 17 PT. 1:
PSYCHOANALYSIS, HUMANISTIC, AND
BEHAVIORISM THERAPIES
 Imagine a good friend of yours has
approached you about a problem he or she
has developed recently. The friend describes
several symptoms, including increased
feelings of depression, crying spells, loss of
interest in activities, and changes in eating
and sleeping patterns. You have asked
enough questions to assume person is
clinically depressed. Assume the role of
therapist and develop some possible
interventions. Come up with 3 possible ideas
to help your friend.
2 Major Types of Therapy
 1. Psychological Therapies:
employ interaction (usually
verbal) between trained
professional and a client
with a problem
 2. Biomedical: therapies
directed at a patient’s
nervous system.
VS.
Psychotherapy Differs Depending on
the Perspective of Therapist
 Psychotherapy: emotionally charged,
confiding interaction between a trained
therapist and someone who suffers from
psychological difficulties.
 There are different types based on
personality theories we discussed:
 1. Psychoanalytic
 2. Humanistic
 3. Behavioral
 4. Cognitive
Eclectic Approach Takes a Smorgasbord
Approach
 Eclectic Approach: uses a variety of
different techniques from various theories
of therapy depending on the problem of the
individual.
 More than half of therapists take this approach.
Psychotherapy One:
Psychoanalysis
 Psychoanalysis’s main assumption?
 Goal of psychoanalysis?
How do Psychoanalysts Unmask Your
“Repressed Anxiety?”
 1. While doing free association there will be blocks in
your flow. Analysts interpret these blocks as Resistance.
 Resistance: the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-
laden material.
 Based on your resistance the analysts will try to provide
accurate interpretations: noting supposed meaning behind
blocks in flow to provide patient with insight (reason behind
your problems).
 2. Psychoanalysts also interpret dreams’ latent content.
How do Psychoanalysts Unmask Your
“Repressed Anxiety?”
 3. Interpreting Transference
 After revealing extremely personal things about
themselves to therapists, patients often start to
feel positive or negative feelings towards their
analyst.
 Freud argued that the feelings you feel towards a
therapist represented transference: patient’s
transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with
other relationships (such as love or hatred for a
parent).
Criticism of Psychoanalytic Therapy
 1. Built on assumption that repressed
memories exist.
 2. Interpretations cant be proven right
or wrong.
 3. Is very time-consuming and
costly…usually takes several years to
achieve insight.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy as an
Alternative To Psychoanalysis
 Interpersonal Psychotherapy: occurs in
much shorter session and also aims to to
help patients gain insight into the roots of
their difficulties.
 However instead of focusing on past, this
approach focuses on current relationships
and how to deal with problems….looking for
symptom relief instead of personality
change.
Psychotherapy Two: Humanistic
Approach
 Humanistic perspective hopes to boost selffulfillment by helping people grow in selfawareness and self acceptance.
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Main Focuses:
1. The present and future
2. Conscious Rather than Unconscious Thoughts
3. Individual Responsibility for feelings
4. Promote growth instead of cures.
Carl Rogers’ Client or Person
Centered Therapy
 Most widely used humanistic technique is client
(person) centered therapy: technique which involves
active listening within a genuine, accepting,
empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.
 Active listening: technique in which therapist is nondirective towards client and empathizes with them by
echoing, restating, and clarifying their feelings.
Client Centered Therapy Promotes
Self-Awareness
 When given
unconditional
positive regard
clients start to
accept themselves
including their faults
and feel more
valued and whole.
Psychotherapy Three: Behavior
Therapies Focus on Learning
 Unlike previous 2 psychotherapies, behavior
therapies are not interested in the
underlying cause of the problem or in
achieving self-awareness.
 Behavior Therapies: assume the problems
are the behaviors themselves and look to use
well-established learning principles to
eliminate the unwanted behavior.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
 Argue that learned responses like phobias
can be unlearned through
counterconditioning.
 Counterconditioning: behavior therapy
that conditions new responses to stimuli
that trigger your unwanted behaviors.
 Ex: pair fear of heights with relaxing stimuli.
Two Types of Counterconditioning
 1. Systematic Desensitization: exposure technique
used to commonly treat phobias. Associates a
pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing
anxiety-triggering stimuli until anxiety towards stimuli
is eliminated.
 Goal is to extinguish previously learned response.
 Key to enacting procedure is move gradually.
 Also called Graduated Exposure Theory
How Could you Use Systematic
Desensitization to Help people
Overcome their Intense Fear of Old
People?

Systematic Desensitization
More Aggressive Exposure Therapy
 Flooding: involves
immediately exposing
client to a stimulus that
causes undesirable
response to show that
stimulus isn’t dangerous.
 Flooding can lead to
extinction of fear.
Less Aggressive Exposure Therapy
(Not in Book)
 Implosion: patient
imagines stimulus
rather than being
exposed to actual
negative
stimulus…hopes to
reduce anxiety.
 Usually used as first step
in systematic
desensitization.
Using Virtual Reality For
Exposure Therapy

Two Types of Counterconditioning
 2. Aversive Conditioning: is the opposite
of systematic desensitization. Looks to
reverse a negative behavior by associating
an unpleasant state with an unwanted
behavior.
Aversive Therapy for Alcoholics
Although initially
successful why
doesn’t aversive
therapy usually
stop people from
permanently
drinking?
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
CR
(nausea)
Operant Conditioning Therapy
 What is Operant Conditioning?
 Token Economy: procedure
that rewards desired behavior.
Patient exchanges a token of
some sort, earned for good
behavior, for various privileges or
treats.
Observational Learning’s Impact
on Therapy
 Bandura’s theories on modeling were
extended to therapy when it was shown
that Clients learn through observation of
appropriate behavior (and Rewards) and
will be encouraged to imitate the
behavior.
Criticism of Behavior Therapy?