Chapters 10-12, 14, and 18
Head and Spine Injuries
Chest and Abdominal Injuries
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries
Medical Emergencies
Rescuing and Moving Victims
Head and Spine Injuries
Chapter 10
Scalp Wounds
 Care for scalp wounds
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Skull Fracture
 Recognizing a skull
fracture
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Pain at point of injury
Break or deformity
Loss of consciousness
Drainage from ears and
nose
 Heavy scalp bleeding
 Penetrating wound
 Care for Skull Fracture
 Check _____________ and
_____________.
 Apply __________ dressing.
 Apply _______ around edges
of the wound.
 __________ head and neck.
 Call 9-1-1.
Brain Injury
 Recognizing brain injury
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__________ stare
______ to answer questions
Unaware of ______ and ______
Slurred speech
Stumbling
Loss of _________________
Headache, dizziness, and
nausea
 Care for a brain injury
 Check responsiveness
and breathing.
 Stabilize head and neck.
 Control bleeding with
sterile dressing.
 Apply pressure around
edges of the wound if
there is skull fracture.
 Call 9-1-1.
Care for Penetrating Eye Injuries
 Stabilize the object.
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 Call 9-1-1.
Care for Eye Avulsion
(Eye Knocked Out)
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Care for Cuts of the Eyelid
 If _______ is cut, do not apply pressure.
 If _______ is cut, apply gentle pressure.
 Have victim _______ unaffected eye.
 Call 9-1-1.
Nose Injuries
 Nosebleeds
 Broken nose
 Care for Nosebleeds
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Broken Nose
 Recognizing a broken
nose
 Pain, swelling, crooked
 Bleeding and difficulty
breathing through
nostrils
 Black eyes
 Care for broken nose
 If bleeding, give care as for
a nosebleed.
 Apply ice pack to nose for 15
minutes.
 Do NOT try to ___________
a _______________ nose.
 Seek medical care.
Teeth
 Knocked out tooth
 Place gauze in socket.
 Save tooth and seek
dental or medical
care immediately.
 Keep tooth moist.
 Saliva, milk, saltwater
 Broken Tooth
 Rinse the mouth with
warm water.
 Apply a cold pack to
cheek.
 Contact a dentist.
Spinal Injuries
 Common causes
 Motor vehicle crashes
 Direct blows
 Falls from heights
 Physical assaults
 Sports injuries
Spinal Injuries
 Recognizing Spinal
Injuries
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 Care for Spinal Injuries
 Stabilize head and neck.
 Check responsiveness
and breathing, and
provide care if needed.
 If vomiting occurs,
carefully roll the victim
onto his or her side.
 Call 9-1-1.
Chest and Abdominal Injuries
Chapter 11
Impaled Objects
 Recognizing an
embedded (impaled)
object
 Object stuck in chest
 Care for impaled
objects
 Stabilize the object in
place.
 Call 9-1-1.
Sucking Chest
Wound
 Recognizing a sucking
chest wound
 Blood bubbling out of
chest wound
 Sound of air being sucked
in and out of chest
wound.
 Care for Sucking Chest
Wound
 Seal open wound with
plastic or aluminum foil.
 Tape on three sides.
 If victim has difficulty
breathing, remove cover
to let air escape, and
reapply.
 Lay victim on injured side.
 Call 9-1-1.
Abdominal Wounds
 ________ abdominal
injuries
 Direct blow
 ________ abdominal
injuries
 Penetrating wounds
 Impaled objects
 Protruding organs
 Recognizing a closed
abdominal injury
 Bruising, pain,
tenderness, rigidity
 Care of a closed
abdominal injury
 Place the victim in a
comfortable position,
often on back with
knees bent.
 Care for shock.
 Call 9-1-1.
Protruding Organs
 Recognizing a
protruding organ
 Internal organs
escape from wound
 Place in a position of
comfort, often on
back with knees
bent.
 Cover with a moist,
sterile dressing or
plastic wrap.
 Care for shock.
 Call 9-1-1.
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries
Chapter 12
Bone Injuries
A. Closed fracture
B. Open fracture
Bone Injuries
 Care for Bone Injuries
 Stabilize injured part to
prevent movement.
 Recognizing Bone
Injuries
 Use DOTS
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Deformity
Open wounds
Tenderness
Swelling
 Hold injured part.
 Splint if EMS is going to be
delayed or you are
transporting victim.
 Cover any exposed bones
without applying pressure.
 Apply ice to prevent
swelling.
 Call 9-1-1 for any open or
large bone fractures.
Splinting
 ____________ a bone or joint injury
 Reduces pain
 _________ further ________ to muscles,
nerves, and blood vessels
Types of Splints
 Rigid splint
 Soft splint
 Self-splint (anatomic
splint)
General Guidelines for Splinting
 Cover open wounds before applying splint.
 Splint only if it will not cause further pain.
 Splint the injured part in the position found.
 Splint should extend beyond joints above and
below any extremity injury.
Joint Injuries
 ___________
 Torn ligaments
 ___________
 Bone ends in a joint are no longer together
Joint Injuries
 Recognizing Joint Injuries
 Pain, swelling, inability to
use
 Similar to fractures
 Main sign of dislocation is
deformity.
 Care for Joint Injuries
RICE PROCEDURE
R = Rest
I = ICE
C = Compression E = Elevation
 Seek medical care.
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Muscle Injuries
 Recognizing Muscle Injuries
 Muscle _________ (pull)
 Sharp pain, tenderness,
weakness, stiffness
 Muscle __________ (bruise)
 Pain, tenderness, swelling,
bruising
 Muscle __________(spasm)
 Spasms, pain, restriction, or
loss of movement
 Care for Muscle Injuries
 For muscle strains and
contusions
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 For muscle cramps
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Medical Emergencies
Chapter 14
Difficulty Breathing
 Causes
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 Recognizing breathing
difficulty
 Breathing is abnormally
fast or slow.
 Breathing is abnormally
deep (gasping) or
shallow.
 Noisy breathing:
wheezing, gurgling,
crowing, snoring
 Bluish lips
 Pause when speaking to
catch breath
 Care
 Place in position of
comfort.
 Call 9-1-1.
 Assist with asthma
inhaler if needed.
 If hyperventilating, have
victim inhale, hold breath,
then exhale slowly.
Seizures
 Recognizing Seizures
 Sudden falling
 Unresponsiveness
 Rigid body and back
arching
 Jerky muscle
movement
 Care for Seizures
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Diabetic Emergencies
 Diabetes is ________________________
__________________________________
 _______glycemia
 Low blood glucose
 _______glycemia
 High blood glucose
Low Blood Glucose
 Recognizing low blood
glucose
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Sudden onset
Staggering
Anger
Pale color
Confusion
Sudden hunger
Excessive sweating
Trembling, seizures,
unresponsiveness
 Care for Low Glucose
 Provide sugar.
 Sugar, soda, juice, glucose
tablets or gel
 If no improvement in a
few minutes, call 9-1-1.
High Blood Glucose
 Recognizing high blood
glucose
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Gradual onset
Drowsiness
Extreme thirst
Frequent urination
Warm and dry skin
Vomiting
Fruity, sweet breath odor
Rapid breathing
Unresponsiveness
 Care for High Blood Glucose
 If you are unsure whether it is
high or low blood glucose,
provide same care as you
would for low blood glucose.
 If condition does not improve
in 15 minutes, call 9-1-1.
Rescuing and Moving Victims
Chapter 18
Water & Ice Rescue
 Water
 Reach-throw-row-go
 Reach for victim.
 Throw anything that
floats.
 Row by using canoe
or other boat.
 Go by swimming (last
resort).
 Ice
 Extend a pole or throw
a line to victim with
floatable object.
 Pull victim toward
shore or edge of ice.
Confined Spaces
 Any area not intended for
human occupancy
 Dangerous atmosphere
(low oxygen levels)
 Requires special training
and equipment to
perform rescue.
 For confined space
emergencies
 Call 9-1-1.
 Only enter if you have
proper training and
equipment.
 Check motionless victims
first.
 Once victim is removed,
provide care.
Triage
 Classify into care and transportation
priorities.
 Triage categories
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Moving Victims
 Only move victim if there is ___________ danger.
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Fire
Hazardous materials
Impossible to protect from hazards
Impossible to access other victims who need lifesaving
care
 Protect victim’s _________.
 Drag in direction of the _______ axis of the body.
Emergency Moves
 Drags
 Shoulder drag
 Ankle drag
 Blanket pull
 One-person moves
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Human crutch
Cradle carry
Fire fighter’s carry
Pack-strap carry
Piggyback carry
 Two-person or threeperson moves
 Two-person assist
 Two-handed seat carry