HIST 4/576
SCHEDULE, WEEKS 3 AND 4
WEEK 3 (10/5-10/9)
READ : Okey, chaps 1 and 2
H: DISC: Okey, chaps. 1 and 2
F: Springtime of Nations: 1848
WEEK 4 (10/12-10/16)
READ : Okey, chap. 3 and 4; Jones, entire
M: Springtime of Nations: 1848
U: PRES: POLAND
W:
H:
F:
DISC
DISC
: Jones
Search for New Structures
: Okey, chaps. 3 and 4
TUES. 10/ 20. PRES: HUNGARY
STUDY QUESTIONS: JONES; OKEY, CHAPS. 3 and 4
JONES
1. What does Jones call the two most important features of the 1848 revolutions?
2. What long-term strains contributed to the causes of the 1848 revolutions? How does Jones describe the composition of the three major social groupings—the working classes, the middle classes, the rural poor? How did the long-term transformations affect each group? Do these categories fit Eastern Europe?
3. What combination of factors produced the crisis of the 1840s? How were these factors linked?
4. Why can we no longer say that the rest of Europe merely followed France’s lead in 1848? How do you account for the failure of the Second Republic in France?
5. What does Jones see for the main reasons for the fall of Metternich? What are the three types of revolutions that made up 1848 in the Hapsburg lands? How would you compare Austro-German, Magyar, Croatian, and Czech nationalism? What did 1848 achieve in the Hapsburg Empire?
6. What is the common theme of the revolutions of 1848 in the German states? Why did the revolutions fail?
7. What three themes describe the Italian revolutions of 1848? Again, why were the revolutions an apparent failure?
8. What seem to be the common causes of the 1848 revolutions? How do we explain the mixed outcomes of the revolutions? Who were the victors, and who the losers?

OKEY, CHAP. 3
1. How do you define the cultural movements of Enlightenment and Romanticism? What is their relationship to the political movements of Liberalism and nationalism? How would you justify the assertion that liberalism and nationalism were both legacies of the French Revolution?
2. What social classes in East Europe were most influenced by the French Revolution? Why?
3. What uniquely East European conditions shaped how the message of the French revolution was received? What role did the tradition of enlightened absolutism play?
4. What was Metternich’s vision of how the problems raised by the Napoleonic era might best be solved in East
Europe? What aspects of the French message seemed useful for the purposes of the absolutist state? What aspects seemed dangerous? Was Metternich’s solution successful?
5. How was liberalism in Eastern Europe different than its West European counterpart? How was it similar? What general goals did East European liberals share? Why was nationalism attractive to educated East Europeans, especially liberals?
6. How did Herder define the concept of nation? Why did his philosophy fall on especially willing ears in East
Europe? What results did his theory produce?
7. Was nationalism in East Europe the artificial creation of intellectuals? What evidence is there of an underlying popular consciousness of nation?
OKEY, CHAP. 4
1. What were the causes of the revolutions of 1848 in East Europe? What competing interests came to the fore in the course of the revolutions? What social classes promoted each of these interests?
2. Why did liberals tend to cooperate with the authorities after achieving their constitutional or national goals?
3. What issues divided nationalists? What role did Great Power politics play in these tensions? What were the nationalist strategies of the major nationalities, such as the Czechs, Hungarians, and Austro-Germans, and of the
"smaller" nationalities, such as the Croats?
4. What is conservative modernization, and how was it linked to the revolutions of 1848? Do you see this as a liberal sell-out?
5. What was the Eastern Question, and how did it shape Balkan nationalism in a way different from Central
European nationalism? Why were the Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms unsuccessful?
6. How did European-wide politics, such as German or Italian unification and the international balance of power, affect Hapsburg internal policy? How can we explain the Ausgleich of 1867? Does it represent the death of romantic radicalism? Were there seeds of future instability in the arrangement?