Master Thesis Presentation
• 3G-Terminal IP Quality of Service Integration in UMTS Network
• Tan Zhiwei
• Networking Lab, Electrical Engineering Department
• Helsinki University of Technology
• 4th, December, 2003
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Abstract
• Symbian
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Symbian is the choice of the leading mobile phone manufacturers as the platform for future mobile
phones and terminals. Symbian currently supports General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and UMTS
Quality of Service in the wireless packet data system used in mobile phones.
• GPRS
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GPRS is an evolution of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks with a few new
elements added to provide the necessary packet data functionality. GPRS is often referred to being a
2.5 Generation technology.
• UMTS
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UMTS, stands for “Universal Mobile Telecommunication System”, is the key technology for 3rd
generation networks identified by ITU. The UMTS technology will provide higher data rates and support
Quality of Service.
• QoS
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Quality of Service is an end-to-end concept defined in ”3GPP TS 23.107 Quality of Service (QoS) concept
and architecture”.
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Introduction
• The structure of this study
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UMTS ALL-IP
QoS Support in UMTS and PDP Contexts
Symbian OS
IP QoS Testing Implementation
Conclusion
Summary
• Object and Scope of this study
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The purpose of this study is to verify the UMTS Quality of Service signaling on a mobile 3G-multimedia
terminal and end-to-end packet data transferring in UMTS network through the UMTS Network Interface
module.
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The basic means for verifying UMTS QoS signaling is by creating different kinds of PDP (Packet Data
Protocol, see chapter3.3) contexts with all different classes’ of Quality of Service profiles from the
terminal to the 3G-GGSN and to see if packet data can be sent and received successfully through the
PDP contexts.
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The implementation of this UMTS QoS support is done based on an existing mobile terminal IP QoS
architecture.
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The target terminal for testing is newly designed 3G multimedia terminals with two operating systems: a
real-time operating system (RTOS) handling low level functionalities and signaling to the real UMTS
network and a non-real-time Symbian operating system with multimedia capabilities.
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UMTS ALL-IP System 1/3
• Network Evolution
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2G/GSM
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HSCSD
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Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a new air-interface technology, 16 Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation, gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile
telephony
EDGE increases the data rates for a GPRS network up to approximately 384 Kbps per radio channel
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
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GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) provides high-speed data transfer up to 160 Kbps in an efficient
manner. It allocates resources dynamically in a packet-network style.
GPRS requires an upgrade to the GSM radio network, and GPRS needs two new components to the
network in order to efficiently handle packet data, they are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution
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High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) is circuit-switched wireless data transmission technology,
which provides mobile users at data rates up to 40 – 50 Kbps.
HSCSD is an enhancement of CSD data services in GSM networks
GPRS
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Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a digital mobile telephony system that is already
widely used around the world.
GSM uses the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology in order to send digitized and
compressed data to different channels with different user data streams in their own time slots.
GSM operates at either 900MHz or 1800MHz frequency band and it allows eight simultaneous calls on the
same radio frequency.
speed convergence between telecommunications, IT (Information technology), media and content
industries to deliver new services and create fresh revenue generating opportunities
data rates as high as 2Mbps.
UMTS uses TCP/IP protocol family for the Internet and multimedia service and provides different end-toend Quality of Service
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UMTS ALL-IP System 2/4
• UMTS Protocol Interworking Architecture
• User Plane Protocols
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PDCP—Packet data convergence protocol (make WCDMA radio protocols suitable for
carrying TCP/IP)
RLC—Radio Link Control (provides segmentation and retransmission services for
WCDMA interfaces)
MAC—Medium Access Control (Lowest part of the common transport network layer)
L1—Physical Layer (Controls the use of WCDMA physical channels and provides
transport channels to MAC layer)
UDP/IP—User Datagram Protocol, Internet Protocol (Provide datagram on top of IP)
GTP-U—GPRS Tunneling Protocol, User Plane (provides transport network service
FILENAMs.PPT/
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NN between GSN and RNC.
between
GSNs
UMTS ALL-IP System 3/4
• UMTS Protocol Interworking Architecture
• Control Plane Protocols
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SM—Session Management (controlling actual data connections)
GMM--GPRS Mobility Management (take care of user’s needs during mobility,mainly
attach and detach)
RRC—Radio Resource Control (establish, maintain and release the RRC connections)
SCCP—Signaling Connection Control Part (transfer signaling data for connection and
connectionless service to upper application layers)
RANAP—Radio Access Network Application Part (Signaling in the Iu interface)
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UMTS ALL-IP System 4/4
• UMTS System Concepts
• Network Architecture
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User Equipments
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The UMTS packet core network includes Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), Gateway GPRS Support
Node (GGSN) and Home Location Register (HLR)
UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
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User Equipment (UE) consists of the Mobile Equipment (ME) part and the Universal Subscriber Identity
Module (USIM) part. UMTS UE uses WCDMA air interface towards Node B and have many different
types of identities for different purposes, such as authentication and security.
Core Network
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A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core Network (CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment (UE).
UTRAN can be further divided into many Radio Network Subsystems, and each RNS contains several
Base Station (BS) and one Radio Network Controller (RNC)
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QoS in UMTS 1/3
• QoS Overview
• QoS mapping and QoS allocation
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QoS in UMTS 2/3
• UMTS Support for QoS
• UMTS Traffic Classes
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Conversational Class: the most demanding QoS class, Preserve time relation
(variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and
low delay).
– Example: Voice, Video conference
– real time traffic
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Streaming Class: Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the
stream.
– Example: Streaming Video
– time relation between information entities within a flow must be preserved.
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Interactive Class: Request response pattern.
– Example: Web browsing
– human to machine interaction
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Background Class: Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time
– Example: Email.
– Machine to machine interaction
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QoS in UMTS 3/3
• UMTS Support for QoS
• QoS parameters in UMTS Bearers
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PDP Context 1/3
• Packet Data Protocol Context
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Packet Data Protocol Context is one of the most important concepts for the UMTS Packet Data
Architecture.
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The PDP Context has a record of parameters, which consists of all the required information for
establishing an end-to-end connection.
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The PDP Context is mainly designed for two purposes for the terminal.
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PDP Type
PDP address type
QoS profile request (QoS parameters requested by user)
QoS profile negotiated (QoS parameters negotiated by network)
Authentication type (PAP or CHAP)
DNS type (Dynamic DNS or Static DNS)
Firstly PDP Context is designed to allocate a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) address, either IP version 4 or IP
version 6 type of address, to the mobile terminal.
secondly it is used to make a logical connection with QoS profiles, the set of QoS attributes negotiated for
and utilized by one PDP context, through the UMTS network.
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The PDP Context 2/3
• The PDP Contexts (max 11)
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Multiple and 2ndary PDP Contexts 3/3
• Multiple PDP Context
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Multiple PDP Contexts means that one mobile terminal can have multiple PDP contexts.
Each of the Multiple PDP Contexts can at the same time have different QoS profiles.
The primary PDP Context is a normal PDP Context with default QoS profile attributes and it is always activated
first.
For the multiple primary PDP Contexts, each context has different PDP Address and different APN
• Secondary PDP Contexts
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Among the group of Multiple PDP Contexts with the same PDP Address, the one has default QoS profile
attributes is regarded primary PDP Context of this PDP Address, all the other PDP Contexts with the same PDP
Address are called secondary PDP of this PDP Address.
the secondary PDP Contexts inside the same contexts group share the same PDP Address and connect to the same
APN, each of the secondary PDP has its own QoS profile
When the downlink traffic flow arrives at access point on the GGSN, the packet classifier on GGSN will make a
PDP Context selection based on the TFT (Traffic Flow Template), thus the traffic flow will be forwarded to that
secondary PDP Context with the suitable QoS attributes.
The Traffic Flow Template (TFT) is used by GGSN to discriminate between different user payloads. The TFT
incorporates from one to eight packet filters; a unique packet filter identifier identifies each filter.
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QoS Interworking
• QoS Interworking
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The QoS parameters for every traffic class may not in many of the existing networks. In order to transfer all
different type of packet data with different QoS parameters, the QoS interworking has to be ensured between
existing networks and UMTS during the interworking or roaming situations by mapping the QoS attributes.
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The QoS attributes mapping must be done whenever the UE, the SGSN, the GGSN and the HLR nodes are of
different releases.
• QoS Interworking Types
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QoS Mapping from R97/98 to R99
QoS Mapping from R99 to R97/98
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Handheld Devices
• Handheld Devices
• Smart phones
• PDAs
• Wireless devices
• Etc
• Handheld Device Operating System Classification
• Palm
• Microsoft (Pocket PC)
• Symbian (EPOC) OS
• Linux
• Java
• Etc
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Symbian OS
• Symbian OS background
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Symbian is a private independent company established in the UK in June 1998 and is owned by Ericsson, Nokia,
Panasonic, Psion, Samsung Electronics, Motorola, Siemens and Sony Ericsson.
The requirements for Operating System on wireless mobile terminals are very challenging. The key requirements
are reliability, code reuse, resource allocation, memory management and efficient power management, etc.
• Target Device and Market
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Symbian’s targeting market is the set of all handheld devices that support basic voice communication, data
networking communication, video and picture capability, combined audio, photograph transmission and voice
transmission capability, etc.
Symbian is aiming to create a mobile society of wireless Internet. Symbian is positioned at the forefront of the
mobile society by providing open operating system for wireless handsets.
• Advantage
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small mobile devices
mass market
occasional wireless connectivity
diversity of products
open platform for third-party developers.
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Symbian OS Architecture
• Multi-tasking
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Symbian OS uses pre-emptive multithreading method, which means that every thread has a priority, the thread
with a higher priority will pre-empt other threads with lower priority in execution. Preemptive multithreading
enables running multiple applications and servers simultaneously.
• Object Orientation
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The fundamental design principle of Symbian OS is object orientation
• Memory Management
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memory leaks are extremely undesirable for Symbian OS
• Active Object
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Active object is one essential concept in Symbian OS
to provide non-pre-emptive multitasking without the need of using multiple threads by asychronous requests.
• Client-Server Architecture
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Client-server architecture is the way in Symbian OS to implement access to share recourses and to handle
asynchronous services.
Most of the services provided in Symbian OS are implemented as servers. Some examples of servers are window
server, telephony server, database server, socket server, file server and serial communication server.
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Symbian OS based Mobile Devices
• Smart Phones
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Smart phone is defined as Pocket-sized device positioned primarily for voice, offers full, configurable two-way
data synchronization, and OS-based applications can be added without restriction.
Smart phone is the generic title for digital phones on wireless network with preferably a color display, powerful
user interface and an open operating system.
Smart Phone has capability to browse the Internet with or without WAP, and send and receive faxes, SMS, MMS
and email.
Usually a smart phone is also associated with personal information management (PIM) and synchronization with
PC.
Sereis 60
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The Series 60 Platform is a software product designed for one-handed operated smart phones that Nokia
licenses to other mobile-handset manufacturers.
It is based on the Symbian OS and adds graphical user interface (GUI) on the top of the Symbian OS.
The Series 60 GUI is developed based on the Avkon Library. All manufacturers will be able to integrate the
Series 60 platform to their own designed Symbian based mobile phones
The Series 60 platform supports open and global technology enablers, such as browsing, multimedia
messaging, Java™ application downloading, personal information managing and telephony application
developing, already widely adopted by application developers. Nokia Series 60 Platform provides
manufacturers a complete smart phone reference design with a complete and modifiable user interface
library and a host of wireless applications
• Communicators
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The Communicator is a wireless device, which has two modules: the phone (cellular mobile
telephone, CMT) and the personal digital assistant (PDA).
The big differences between communicator and smart phones are the bigger screen size and the PC
style keyboard of the latter
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Current Symbian Based Phones
• Nokia
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Nokia 9210,9210i
Nokia 9210c
Nokia 9290
Nokia 7650
Nokia 7650
Nokia 3650
Nokia N-Gage
Nokia 6600
Nokia 7700
• Sony Ericsson
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Ericsson P800
Ericsson P900
• Siemens
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Siemens SX1
• Motorola
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Motorola A920
• Sumsung
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Samsung SGH-D700
• Fujitsu
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Fujitsu F2102V
Fujitsu F2051
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IP QoS Testing for 3G Mobile
• Overview
• Test Configurations
S
G
S
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GPRS
Backbone
BTS
B
SC
D
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Test Client
/Observer1
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G
G
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G
G
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Internet
Corporate
Intranet
Server
Observer2
Router
LAN
Test Suite Structure
• Test Suite Structure
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R99IPQoS/Conversational
R99IPQoS/Interactive
R99IPQoS/Streaming
R99IPQoS/Background
• Traffic Classes and QoS Parameters
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4 traffic classes
each traffic class has choosen 4 QoS Parameters for testing
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upper limit
lower limit
average inside the range
out of the QoS parameter value range
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Test Cases
• For each of the 4 QoS Traffic Classes, there are:
• Single PDP Test Cases
• Multiple PDP Test Cases
• Secondary PDP Test Cases
• Multiple-Secondary PDP Test Cases
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Test Configurations for Primary PDP
15 Test Configurations are choosen for primary PDP
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Test Result
• Test Report
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Single PDP
Multiple PDP
Secondary PDP
Multiple-Secondary PDP
IPv4 and IPv6 types of PDP contexts
CSD and PSD
QoS support in UMTS for Terminal
• Test Verification
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From Terminal
• Terminal Symbian Logs
• Terminal Ethereal
• Test Client Logs (mainly)
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From Network side
• TCP DUMP ON GGSN
• Ethereal
• Test Automation
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Provided by testing framework
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Future Test Improvement
Considerations
• Support for fast Handover
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One major difference between GPRS and UMTS connection management is the number of simultaneous PDP
contexts they support.
A problem arises in the case of a handover between the two networks in the direction of UMTS to GPRS, or to be
more exact from Release’98 or older to Release’99 or newer network. If the mobile has multiple contexts open to
a single APN at the time of the handover it will experience it as all contexts except one going down.
Which context will be left active can be calculated from the QoS profiles according to a defined set of rules
• Roaming support
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mainly about the mapping of QoS attributes that are necessary across standardized interfaces and also meant for
the QoS parameters mapping internal to a node
interworking/roaming purpose, mapping rules between GPRS Release97/98 and GPRS Release99 (or UMTS
R99) are defined.
The overall principle for the QoS profiles mapping is that the new mapped QoS profile in another network release
give the same, or at least similar quality of service as the profile in the original network gives.
• Testing in different network
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Different network operators may use different IP QoS mechanisms. Therefore, the mobile terminals should be
able to support multiple IP QoS mechanisms defined by IETF
different link layer technologies may provide varying support for QoS.
The QoS implementation of this work is done by using a generic QoS API, thus it should be able to work with
different IP QoS mechanisms and link layers technologies
• Field testing in the real consumer network
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how much QoS can terminals get in the real consumer network is still remaining as a question
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Summary
Thanks to
• Jorma Jormakka, Martin Bergenwall
• Eero Jysky, Mikä Liljeberg and other colleagues
• Sally
• All my family members
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Questions?
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