Translation
Creating Protein from mRNA
S
Protein Structure
S Proteins are made of Amino Acids.
S There are 20 different Amino Acids.
S The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein
S mRNA has the A.A. sequence code from DNA [Transcription]
S Ribosomes read mRNA and join amino acids.
Ribosomes
S Ribosomes are made of rRNA
S Ribosomes have two parts.
Where are the Ribosomes?
Ribosome Structural Details
tRNA structure
tRNA Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the
ribosome. Each amino acid has a different tRNA
Codon Interpretation
3 Types of RNA
S mRNA copy of the DNA gene
S tRNA type of RNA used to make transfer RNA
S rRNA type of RNA used to make ribosomes.
Initiation mRNA joins the small ribosomal
subunit and this attracts the large subunit to join
Elongation adding additional amino acids in
the correct number and sequence.
Termination reaching a termination codon
on the DNA that ends transcription. The ribosome
can be reused over and over
Steps in Translation
S Initiation
S Elongation
S Termination
Protein Structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Protein functions
DNA codes for an organisms protein.
Every cell has every code but only uses the genes required by that type of cell .
S Structural Proteins, muscle fiber, tendon, ligament
S Enzymes, speed up or catalyze reactions.
S Immune system
Translation joining a number of amino acids into a
long molecule that folds into a working protein.
S http://www.premedhq.com/structure-of-ribosomes
S https://www.dnalc.org/view/15501-Translation-RNA-to-
protein-3D-animation-with-basic-narration.html
Virus structure
Genetic material, DNA or
RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Viral life cycle
Virus Details
S Lytic Cycle
S Virus attaches, injects genetic material, host cell copies viral DNA,
and makes virus proteins, cell is lysed, cut open to release new
virus.
S Lysogenic Cycle
S Virus attaches, injects genetic material, places the virus DNA into
the host DNA, host copies all DNA during cell division.
Retrovirus RNA virus, like aids and Herpes. Injects
its RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase that makes a
copy of DNA from the RNA. This is placed in host DNA.
S http://www.dnatube.com/video/4086/Life-cycle-of-virus-
lytic
S http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/viral-lifecycle