Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice in Wisconsin Pamela Oliver
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Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice in Wisconsin Pamela Oliver The Magnitude of the Problem Comparing International Incarceration Rates (Source: Sentencing Project) World Incarceration Rates in 1995: Adding US Race Patterns US Blacks prison 1995 US whites prison 1995 US blacks prison & jail 1995 US whites prison & jail 1995 Russia Romania South Africa Ukraine England & Wales Scotland Switzerland Sweden Netherlands Japan Italy Germany France Denmark China Canada Belgium Austria 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Nationally, The Black Population is Being Imprisoned at Alarming Rates • Upwards of 1/3 of the black male population is under the supervision of the correctional system (prison, jail, parole, probation) • Estimated “lifetime expectancy” of spending some time in prison is 29% for young black men. • About 9% of black men in their 20s are in prison • 7% of black children, 2.6% of Hispanic children , .8% of white children have a parent in prison (at one time) – lifetime expectancy much higher About Rates & Disparity Ratios • Imprisonment and arrest rates are expressed as the rate per 100,000 of the appropriate population • Example: In 1999 Wisconsin new prison sentences – 1021 whites imprisoned, white population of Wisconsin was 4,701,123: 1021 ÷ 4701123 = .000217. Multiply .00021 by 100,000 = 22, the imprisonment rate per 100,000 population. – 1,266 blacks imprisoned, black population of Wisconsin was 285,308. 1266 ÷ 285308 = .004437. Multiply by 100,000 = 444 • Calculate Disparity Ratios by dividing rates: 444/22 = 20.4 the black/white ratio in new prison sentence rates 800 7 700 6 600 5 500 4 400 3 300 2 200 100 1 0 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 White Rate 1960 1970 Black Rate 1980 1990 Ratio 2000 Black/White Ratio Prision Admission Rate US Prison Admissions by Race National & Wisconsin Imprisonment Rates Prision Admissions Per 100000 1000 800 600 400 200 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 year in 1900s BlackWisc WhiteWisc WhiteUS BlackUS The 1970’s Policy Shift • Shift to determinate sentencing, higher penalties • LEAA, increased funding for police departments • The drug warm incentives to police departments to make drug arrests • Post-civil rights post-riots competitive race relations, race-coded political rhetoric.? Imprisonment Has Increased While Crime Has Declined • Imprisonment rates are a function of responses to crime, not a function of crime itself • Property crimes declined steadily between 1970s and 2000 • Violent crime declined modestly overall, with smaller ups and downs in the period The Drug War • Most of the increase in imprisonment is due to drug offenses. • Drug use rates have generally declined since the 1980s, while drug imprisonments have increased. • Black adult drug use rates are only slightly higher than white (see next chart), while their imprisonment rates for drugs are enormous • Among juveniles, blacks use illegal drugs less than whites, but black juveniles have much higher drug arrest rates. Current Illicit Drug Use Among Adults (National Patterns) • • • • 6.6 percent for whites 6.8 percent for Hispanics 7.7 percent for blacks 10.6 percent for American Indian/Alaska Natives (this is largely marijuana, rates for other drugs are lower than other races) • 11.2 percent for persons reporting multiple race • 3.2 percent for Asians • Source: 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Wisconsin Prison Admissions Time Trends 1990-1999 (Preliminary Data) 1400 1200 Wisconsin: Total Prison Admissions Wisconsin Prison Admissions by Black Race Rate per 100,000 population 1000 800 600 AmerInd 400 Hispanic 200 white 0 1990 Asian 1991 1992 White, NH total 1993 Black, NH total 1994 1995 Hispanic total 1996 1997 American Indian Total 1998 Asian Total 1999 Proportion of Admissions Involving New Sentences 60% 40% 43% 39% 18% 20% 0% New Only New + Viol Viol Only Whites Wisconsin Total White Admissions Status Violation Only 35 30 New Sentence Only 25 20 15 10 5 Violation + New 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 prison admits per 100,000 White viol only White new only 1996 White viol+new 1997 1998 1999 Blacks Wisconsin Total Blacks Admission Status 700 600 Violation Only New Sentence Only 500 400 300 200 100 Violation + New 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 prison admits per 100,000 black viol only Black new only Black viol+new 1997 1998 1999 Wisconsin Total: Probation/Parole Violators 700 Total admits, violations only 600 Black Rate per 100,000 population 500 400 AmerInd 300 200 Hispanic 100 0 1990 white 1991 1992 White, NH total 1993 Black, NH total 1994 1995 Hispanic total 1996 1997 Asian American Indian Total 1998 Asian Total 1999 Wisconsin New Prison Sentences Only Only Prison AdmissionTotal: by Race 1990-1999, New Sentence 600 Rate per 100,000 population 500 Total Admits, New Sentences Black Only 400 300 200 Hispanic 100 AmerInd Asian white 0 1990 1991 1992 White, NH total 1993 Black, NH total 1994 1995 Hispanic total 1996 1997 American Indian Total 1998 Asian Total 1999 Wisconsin Total Imprisonment Rates, White Non-Hispanics Wisconsin: White NH Total Prison Admissions 25 Total Admits, Whites Violent Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 20 Theft 15 Robbery & Burglary 10 Drugs 5 Other 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Wisconsin: Black NH Total Prison Admissions 450 Total Admits, Offense Blacks Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 400 Drugs 350 Violent 300 Robbery & Burglary 250 200 150 100 Other Theft 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Wisconsin: Hispanics Total Prison Admissions 160 Total Admits, Hispanics Drugs Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 140 120 Violent 100 80 Robbery & Burglary 60 40 Theft 20 Other 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Violators, White Non-Hispanics 10 Whites, Violators Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 9 Violent 8 Theft 7 6 Robbery & Burglary 5 Other 4 3 2 Drugs 1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Violators, Black Non-Hispanics 160 Black violators Violent 140 Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) Drugs 120 Theft 100 Robbery & Burglary 80 Other 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Wisconsin Total New Sentences, White NH 12 New Sentences, Violent Whites Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 10 8 Robbery & Burglary 6 4 2 Other Theft Drugs 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Wisconsin Total: New Sentences, Blacks NH 250 Drugs New Sentences, Blacks Offense Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 200 150 Violent 100 Robbery & Burglary Theft 50 Other 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Conclusions • Huge racial disparities, especially black vs. white • Probation/parole violators returning to prison are a major source of the rise • Blacks show steep rises in new sentences for drugs, while whites show no increase • White new sentences are primarily for violent offenses. • Black new sentences are primarily for drug offenses. County Comparisons Compare Counties Whites New Sentences Compare counties black, new sentences thick Compare Counties, New Sentences B/w ratio Compare counties, whites violations Compare Counties, Blacks Violations Compare Counties, Violations B/W ratio Milwaukee County Prison Admits (New Sentences Only) 500 450 Rate per 100,000 population 400 Black Milwaukee New Totals 350 300 Hispanic 250 200 150 white 100 AmerInd Asian 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year White, NH total Black, NH total Hispanic total American Indian Total Asian Total Milwaukee County New Imprisonment Rates, Black Non-Hispanics 250 Drugs Milwaukee New Black Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 200 150 Violent 100 Theft Other 50 Robbery & Burglary 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Milwaukee County New Imprisonment Rates, White Non-Hispanics 12 Violent Milwaukee New White Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 10 8 Drugs 6 4 Robbery & Burglary Theft Other 2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Dane County Prison Admits (New Sentences Only) 1000 Black Dane New Totals All Races 900 Rate per 100,000 population 800 700 600 500 400 300 AmerInd Hispanic 200 100 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 white 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year White, NH total Black, NH total Hispanic total 1999 Asian American Indian Total Asian Total Dane County New Imprisonment Rates, Black Non-Hispanics 450 Drugs Dane New Black 400 Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 350 300 250 Violent 200 Theft 150 100 50 Robbery & Burglary Other 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Dane County New Imprisonment Rates, White Non-Hispanics 9 Dane New White Violent Robbery & Burglary 8 Drugs Theft Imprisonment Rate (per 100,000) 7 Other 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year VIOLENT OFFENSES ROBBERY/BURGLARY DRUG OFFENSES LARCENY/THEFT OTHER OFFENSES UNKNOWN Black/White Disparity Ratios For New Drug Sentences County Drug Disparities by Time 250 218 200 150 100 67 50 35 29-31 15 20-24 0 1990 1991 Racine 1992 Milwaukee 1993 1994 WI Balance 1995 Dane 1996 Kenosha 1997 Waukesha 1998 1999 Rock Prison Entry From Dane County 1999, by offense and race Prison entry from Dane County 1999 Other/Unkown Derived Public Order Family/Child Weapons Drugs Prostitution/Sex Burglary Theft/Fraud Criminal Arson Robbery Assaults Sexual Assault Homicide 0 20 40 60 Persons Sentenced to Prison white black 80 100 Dane County Prison Admissions per 100,000 by race & offense, 1999 (Totals: Black 3361, White 87) Other/Unkown Derived Public Order Family/Child Weapons Drugs Prostitution/Sex Burglary Theft/Fraud Criminal Arson Robbery Assaults Sexual Assault Homicide 0 200 400 white 600 black 800 1000 Black Prison Admission Rates From Dane & Milwaukee Counties 1998-2000 (annualized), new sentences Other/Unknown Derived Public Order Family/Child Weapons Other Drug Possess Drug Int Del Drug Mfg/Del Drug Prostitution Organized Crime Theft/Fraud Burglary Arson Other Robbery Armed Robbery Other Assault Agg Assault Sex Assault Homicide Mke Black Dane Black 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 White Prison Admission Rates, Dane & Milwaukee Counties 1998-2000 (annualized), new sentences only Other/Unknown Derived Public Order Family/Child Weapons Other Drug Possess Drug Int Del Drug Mfg/Del Drug Prostitution Organized Crime Theft/Fraud Burglary Arson Other Robbery Armed Robbery Other Assault Agg Assault Sex Assault Homicide Mke White Dane White 0 2 4 6 8 10 Arrest Rates in Madison & Milwaukee, 1998-1999 Source: Uniform Crime Reports Data obtained from Wisconsin Office of Justice Assistance Annual Arrest Rate Per 100,000 Madison PD 1998-1999 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 68219 44164 21384 4909 Arrests per 100,000 Black Juv Black Adult White Juv White Adult Adult Arrest Rates Per 100,000 Average 1998-1999 60000 50000 40000 White Afr.Am. 30000 20000 10000 0 Madi. PD Dane Cty Milw. PD Milw. Cty Juvenile Arrest Rates Per 100,000 Average 1998-1999 80000 70000 60000 50000 White Black 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Madi. PD Dane Cty Milw. PD Milw. Cty Madison PD Average Annual Adult Arrest Rate by Race, 1998-2000 other exc traf disorderly alcohol weapon, misc other property simple assault theft other drug Mar. possess serious 0 5000 10000 Mad White 15000 20000 Mad AfAm “Serious” = homicide, sexual & aggravated assault, burglary, robbery, arson, auto theft “Wrong place” = loitering, curfew, vagrancy, runaways 25000 Madison PD Average Annual Juvenile Arrest Rate by Race, 1998-2000 other exc traf wrong place disorderly alcohol weapon, misc Mad AfrAm Mad White other property simple assault theft other drug Mar. possess serious 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 “Serious” = homicide, sexual & aggravated assault, burglary, robbery, arson, auto theft “Wrong place” = loitering, curfew, vagrancy, runaways Black Adult Arrest Rates, Madison vs. Milwaukee 1998-2000 averages other exc traf disorderly alcohol weapon, misc other property Mke AfAm simple assault Mad AfAm theft other drug Mar. possess serious 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Black Juvenile Arrest Rates, Madison vs. Milwaukee 1998-2000 averages other exc traf wrong place disorderly alcohol weapon, misc Mke Black other property Mad AfrAm simple assault theft other drug Mar. possess serious 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 White Juvenile Arrest Rates, Madison vs. Milwaukee 1998-2000 averages other exc traf wrong place disorderly alcohol weapon, misc Mke White Mad White other property simple assault theft other drug Mar. possess serious 0 2000 4000 6000 Arrests 1997-1999 Averages: Adult Disparity Ratios Wisc Total Serious 12 Marijuana Possession 4 Other Drug Offenses 17 Theft/Larceny 11 Simple Assault 11 Other Property 5 Weapons & Misc 13 Alcohol-Related 1 Disorderly Conduct 7 Wrong Place 1 Other, Except Traffic 8 Total 6 Dane Kenosha Milwaukee 18 10 10 13 6 4 33 26 9 16 11 7 20 7 7 8 6 5 13 6 7 3 2 1 12 4 5 44 3 19 8 7 13 7 5 Racine 9 3 11 6 6 4 6 1 2 5 4 Rock Waukesha WIBalance 9 34 15 5 13 8 17 38 27 5 75 12 6 17 15 3 26 9 5 19 10 1 6 3 5 17 9 23 10 6 10 21 12 7 20 9 Arrests 1997-1999 Averages: Juvenile Disparity Ratios Wisc Total Serious 5 Marijuana Possession 2 Other Drug Offenses 6 Theft/Larceny 3 Simple Assault 6 Other Property 2 Weapons & Misc 5 Alcohol-Related 0 Disorderly Conduct 4 Wrong Place 3 Other, Except Traffic 2 Total 3 Dane Kenosha Milwaukee Racine 7 3 4 4 4 2 1 1 12 11 3 8 5 3 2 3 12 6 3 3 3 2 1 2 5 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 7 4 3 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 2 1 4 3 2 2 Rock Waukesha WIBalance 6 9 8 2 3 4 10 3 8 3 15 7 6 21 17 2 5 5 4 16 9 1 2 3 4 7 8 4 5 6 4 3 7 4 6 7 Conclusions • Drug war in Dane County (and Milwaukee County) is being fought “against blacks.” • Probation/parole violation holds are a major source of arrests in Dane County, a major source of jail crowding. • Large racial disparities in serious crimes indicate a real problem that needs to be addressed Making Things Worse • High imprisonment rates (including longer sentences, high rates of probation/parole revocation) are not a constructive way of dealing with the problem of nonviolent property crimes (thefts) and drug offenses • Enormous expenses to house these offenders in prison • Destruction of offenders’ lives and and mortal harm to their families • Because of racial targeting of the drug war, the harmful consequences of this policy are being concentrated in black communities, while the beneficiaries of the policy do not pay its price Social Conditions, Political Processes, Crime, and Corrections Feedback from Imprisonment to Social Conditions Crime Social & Demographic Conditions Social Control, Deterrence Arrests Judicial Processes Corrections Outcomes Police Enforcement Political Processes Laws, Penalties Prison Interests An Individual Life Course Model of Crime With Policing Added Parental Unemployment, Economic & Educational Disadvantage School Failure Father Absence/ Family Disruption Peer & Normative Context Parental Involvement in Crime Juvenile Crime Labeling and/or Intervention Processes Juvenile Unemployment Adult Unemployment/ UnderEmployment Policing Practices Adult Crime Intergenerational Effects Imprisonment Imprisonment as a Cause of Crime? Labeling Etc. Processes reduces ? Family Disruption + Imprisonment Rates + + + Crime + reduces ? + Unemployment Middle Class Flight + + + + Economic Distress Aggressive Policing Deviant Culture (Gangs, Drug Trade, Criminality as a way of life) + due to Political Powerlessness + + Spatial Isolation of Poor Blacks
