Deal with humankind as biological organism
 Explain human behavior in response to
experimental researches on animals and
based on observable behaviors in the test of
the subjects
 Avoid the description of mental process since
mental events are not publicly observable
 Edward Hall
behaviorists
Empiricists

Behaviorism was largely declined as a result
of cognitive revolution which is based on the
testable inferences about human mental
process
 Appraisal theory of Richard Lazarus provides
a pioneering change in the attempts to
explain all human behavior by looking at the
structure of the brain
 Richard Lazarus
Cognitive
Materialist


A territory must
have its
boundaries, and
an inevitable
consequence of
this is that
beyond them
reside the
neighbors.
the very game of
football itself, like
many others, is
basically
territorial.
In fact most
birds only sing
when inside their
own territorial borders.
The song is a defiant
message to neighbors that
dreadful things will become of
Them if they dare to cross the invisible
borders of the avian territories.


The defense of territory
is a natural tendency
that designers can
both support and
develop.
Equally, designers can
make the defense of
territory a veritable
nightmare for the
occupants by the
careless arrangement
A dreadful misunderstanding of territory
of boundaries.
leads to this silly notice. It has no deterrent
effect on children, of course, and actually
encourages them to try to hit it with their
ball! The trees that it is meant to protect
provide convenient goalposts for a game!

there are three types of territorial
trespass, which are:
›
‘Contamination’ ‫تدنيس‬:
The knowledge that someone unknown has been in the territory can even
result in the owner feeling the need to move house
›
‘Violation’ ‫االنتهاك‬:
If the burglars actually damage property during their illegal occupation, this can
seriously heighten the sense of violation people may feel. The interruption to your
sleep resulting from the noise of the neighbors' children having a late night party
might be an example.
›
‘Invasion’ ‫الغزو‬:
Invasion is the attempt by others to take over a territory on a more or less permanent
basis.
Security
 Maintenance of spaces
 promotion of community spirit

Space and distance
Proxemic theory
Abstract and meaningful
distance
Too close for comfort!
Flight and fight
‘I need my space’
‘Keep in touch’
Human distances
Intimate distance
Personal distance
Social distance
Public distance
Multiple distances in a space
Personality and context
variation
Cultural variation
Contact
species



Our concern is not the
ignore physical contact
purely geometrical but
between members of their
rather the way that
own species
geometry organizes
bats, pigs and rhinoceroses
our relationships.
The phrase ‘personal
Non- Contact
space’
species
It is as if we are
surrounded by a series
‘non-contact’, and do not
normally touch other members
of invisible bubbles of
of their species except under
space nested like
exceptional or accidental
Russian dolls.
circumstances
horses and dogs
Waiting for a
visitor at an
airport , a rail
station, or a mall
demands a
certain kind of
spatial
behavior. We
need to arrange
ourselves
distinctly away
from others in
order to stand
out and be
obvious to the
arriving stranger
A delicate
arrangement of
human distances.
The distance
between the
receptionist and
seats for waiting
must be large
enough to allow the
receptionist
to continue to work
without rudely
ignoring the waiting
visitors.
However, it should
not be so great that
the occasional
conversational
interchange
is not possible in
order to ‘keep in
touch’
Here the lunchtime
break in the business
meeting moves the
participants to a
different behavioral
setting and allows them
to engage in more
social conversation
and to develop more
personal relationships.
Business will be resumed
later
back in the office, and
is likely to proceed
quite differently as a
result
•
The challenge of spatial design is to facilitate rather than inhibit the
behavioral settings appropriate to the social purposes of behavior in
space
Different writers have tended to use a
variety of terms for these distances, but
by far the most authoritative exploration
of them is that by Edward T. Hall.
Intimate distance
Personal distance
Social distance
Public distance
Inside the distance of half a meter or so,
 We can touch another person.
 We may feel body heat.
 We may smell body odor
 We may smell breath and perfume.
 If facing one another, we can see the face in
sufficient detail to appreciate emotion accurately
unless very skillfully concealed
 Communication at this distance can be by
whispering, and thus can remain private from all
other people in the same space.
This then is a distance of trust and intimate activity

In some settings we find ourselves compulsorily
at such close quarters; for example;
› Students sitting in a lecture theatre,
› The audience at the cinema or theatre: the lighting
level is low and events focus our attention on the
stage or screen.
In any event, the performance should so dominate
attention that ignoring your immediate neighbor
is clearly excusable!
› The lift or elevator; stare to space (floor or up), people
arms kept down by their sides to avoid the accidental
touching of their temporarily intimately spaced
companions, stop talking (people show puzzlement in their
facial expressions if someone continue talking)
Intimate distance is one of Romance.

To engineer such a close distance
artificially:
› reduce the lighting
› increase the background levels of noise
Places for parties
you simply have to get up close in
order to continue a conversation.
On the other hand!
Intimate distance is one of Fight
(It can also be used as a threat rather than
an action.)
 The two boxers who stare into each
other’s eyes from very close range
so this distance is related to different types
of emotions
› Embracement (‫)االحراج‬.
› Pride (‫)الفخر‬.
› Fear (‫)الخوف‬.
Hall’s Personal distance is different
than Hediger’s Personal Space.
 Personal Space refers to the minimum
spacing between members of a
particular species.
 Personal distance is part of the human
distances which all of them are
considered as minimum distances and
therefore are part of the personal space.

This distance runs out from intimate
distance (0.50 m) to about 1.2 meters.
 The meaning of this distance:

› It is the absolute minimal normally
acceptable distance to separate individuals
in most common settings.
› At this distance, it is still likely to be very
familiar with people with whom we use this
distance in public.
 Sociofual space:
It tends to throw people apart just as
centrifugal force throws objects away from
the centre of a spinning axis
‫الفراغ الطارد اجتماعيا‬
 Socialpetal space:
It tends to draw people together
‫الفراغ الجاذب اجتماعيا‬
A deliberate
breaking of the
‘co-existing’ spatial
convention that is likely
to drive away the
original occupant of the
table sitting at ‘X’.
The newcomer
choosing to sit at ‘A’
obtains an unfair
advantage of
nonreciprocal vision,
which often makes us
feel uncomfortable
Waiting spaces do not have to be
designed always to remind their
occupants that waiting is what they must
do!
Dental clinic


The scenario of Michael Argyle;
The setting is an office. It is occupied by one
individual and is a space of the kind we might
find in businesses and public authorities in cities all
over the world. The room contains four chairs as
follows;
› The occupant of this office works at a desk, which he
or she sits behind more or less facing the door.
› There is a chair by the door.
› In front of the desk, there is another chair for visitors
who come to discuss matters.
› Another chair is located alongside the desk.

In the scenario a visitor arrives. We shall explore
several alternatives



Alternative A of
Michael Argyle
scenario
The visitor is
more or less left
standing just
inside the door.
This clearly
implies an
assumed or real
dominance on
the part of the
office
occupant.



Alternative B of
Michael Argyle
scenario
the office occupant
may indicate that the
visitor should use the
seat near the door.
This removes one
element of the
dominance in the
previous version, but
still leaves the visitor
fully exposed to the
stare of the
occupant, who is
partly concealed by
the desk.



Alternative C of
Michael Argyle
scenario
The occupant
beckons the visitor to
sit on the chair in front
of the desk.
The positions
established then
represent ones in
which competition,
confrontation or
conversations

are all possible.
This is thus a neutral
rather than
dominating scenario.





Alternative D of Michael
Argyle scenario
the office occupant gets
up from behind the desk to
meet the visitor half way
across the room, who is
brought round to sit on the
chair at the side of the
desk.
This implies:
a degree of respect in the
rising from the seat and the
leaving behind of the
personal territory
The arrangement suggests
a common viewpoint and
collaboration as the
intended mode of
interaction.
Duncan Joiner and this author
have found that the way people
arrange the furniture in their office
is not just formal, but helps to
organize and structure the
behavioral setting.
Joiner showed a correlation
between spatial layout and job
description that relates to spatial
roles we have already discussed.
Note the ‘confrontational’
arrangement of the tax
inspector,
the ‘collaborative’
arrangement of the junior
university lecturer,
the ‘collaboration’,
confrontation’, and
‘sociopetal’ meeting
arrangements of the
university professor office