Computing and Its
Developments
CS 160: Computer Science Orientation
Today’s Schedule
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Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
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July 24, 2016
Charles Babbage
• “father of modern computer”
• 1800s London
• Developed Analytic Engine (1837)
• Calculations based on instructions fed to it
• Could be “programmed” to solve any math problem
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July 24, 2016
Ada Lovelace
• First “computer programmer”
• Worked with Babbage on AE
• Predicted modern computers
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Not just math
Graphics
Music
Other scientific use
• ADA language named in her honor
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
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Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
4
July 24, 2016
George Boole
• Developed Boolean algebra
• Logical AND, OR, NOT
• Mathematically prove true/false
• Foundation of digital logic circuits
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July 24, 2016
Thomas Edison
• Among other things, invented the vacuum tube
• Basically an electronic switch
• Critical component of first electronic computers
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July 24, 2016
Nikola Tesla
• Developed electronic logic gates
• Composed of small number of vacuum tubes
• Could execute logical operators AND, OR, NOT
• Key component to modern computer
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July 24, 2016
Eccles and Jordan
• Developed flip-flop switching circuit
• Able to “flip flop” between stable states
• Always in one of two states
• Provides form of electronic storage (memory)
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July 24, 2016
George Stibitz
• Developed combinational circuits
• Circuits built of combinations of logic gates
• Can be designed to execute logic and arithmetic
• E.g., full binary adder circuit
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July 24, 2016
Claude Shannon
• “father of information theory”
• Showed that Boolean algebra could
be simulated electronically
• Fundamental concept of digital
computing
• Also developed Fundamental
Theorem of Information Science
• all information can be represented using
only two symbols, 0 and 1
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
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Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
11
July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• Electromechanical, programmable computers
• Z3
• Mark I
– developed by Zuse in Germany
– first computer project in USA
electromechanical
computers
were very
slow
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• Fully electronic computing devices
• ABC – “Atanasoff-Berry Computer” (1942)
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First binary computer
First to use vacuum tubes for calculations and memory storage
Not general purpose, could only solve particular math problems
Size of a desk
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• Fully electronic computing devices
• Bombe and Colossus
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Used to break German encryption in WWII
Fully electronic binary computer
Alan Turing involved w/ both
Helped win the WWII
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• ENIAC
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“Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer”
First fully electronic programmable computer
Developed to calculate ballistic trajectories
Had to be physically reprogrammed
• Move wires and change switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes => unreliable
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• EDVAC
• First store program computer
• Program stored in memory
• Based on von Neumann model of computer
• Still used today
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• Whirlwind
• First real-time computer (1951)
• Developed by Forrester
• Revolutionized memory storage
• Used magnetically charged,
doughnut-shaped ceramic ferrite
“cores”
• Electronically magnetized in
clockwise or counter-clockwise
direction
• Any bit (or core) of memory
could be written / read in same
amount of time (Random Access
Memory)
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July 24, 2016
1st Generation Computers (1940s – mid 1950s)
• Regarding commercialization:
“I think there is a market for maybe five
computer in the world”
- Watson, president of IBM
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
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•
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•
•
Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
19
July 24, 2016
2nd Generation Computers (mid 1950s – mid 1960s)
• Transistor developed by Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain
• Solid-state semiconductor device
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Much more reliable, smaller
• Developed at Bell Labs
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July 24, 2016
2nd Generation Computers (mid 1950s – mid 1960s)
• solid-state – composed of solid material
• Unlike vacuum tube (filled with air)
• semiconductor – electrical conductivity lies between insulators
and conductors
• Degree of conductivity can be electronically altered
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July 24, 2016
2nd Generation Computers (mid 1950s – mid 1960s)
• First transistor based computer built at Univ. of Manchester
• Contained 0 vacuum tubes
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
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Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
23
July 24, 2016
High-Level Programming Languages
• Computers used to be extremely tedious to program
• Programmer had to write machine code (e.g., 1001 = add)
• Early 1950s, assembly language introduced
• Based on mnemonics (e.g., “add” instead of 1001)
• Still very tedious
• Each instruction performs simple task
• E.g., A = B + C requires several assembly language instructions
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July 24, 2016
High-Level Programming Languages
• Grace Hopper conceived new type
of programming language
• Help “automate” task of programming
• Came up with idea of high-level
language and compiler
• Programmers could write
instructions more naturally
• High-level language translated into
machine code
• E.g., “A = B + C” as single instruction
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July 24, 2016
High-Level Programming Languages
• IBM created FORTRAN in 1957
• “FORmula TRANslation”
• Other high-level languages developed around same time:
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COBOL
ALGOL
LISP
BASIC
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July 24, 2016
High-Level Programming Languages
• First programming “bug” was literally a bug
• A moth found inside the Mark II computer
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
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Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
28
July 24, 2016
3rd Generation Computers (mid 1960s - early 1970s)
• Development of integrated circuit (IC)
• Addressed problem of wiring all
transistors together
• IC
• Replace method of wiring together components
to printing “wiring” on a thin wafer of
semiconductor material
• => transistors and circuits were “integrated”
together
• Made circuits smaller and cheaper
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July 24, 2016
3rd Generation Computers (mid 1960s - early 1970s)
• Space race sparked progress and innovation
• ICs needed for space travel
• Smaller, lighter, more reliable
• MIT engineers developed Apollo Guidance Computer on the
Saturn V rocket
• Weighed 70 lbs
• Only 2’ x 1’ x 6”
• Contained 4000 ICs
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July 24, 2016
3rd Generation Computers (mid 1960s - early 1970s)
• Each IC was special purpose
• Needed to be used together in “chip set”
• Different chip set needed for each particular computing device
• Intel engineer Ted Hoff designed microprocessor
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General purpose chip
Can be programmed to perform any task
Put all necessary circuits on single IC
First was Intel 4004 (1971)
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
32
July 24, 2016
Mainframe Computers
• Large
• Multiple cabinets
• Store CPUs, memory, tape drives, etc.
• Took up an entire room
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July 24, 2016
Supercomputers
• Seymour Cray is “father of supercomputing”
• Today’s PCs would be considered supercomputers in not so
distant past
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July 24, 2016
Minicomputers
• Stepping stone to personal computer
• E.g., Digital Equipment Corp (DEC)
• PDP-8
• PDP-11
• VAX-11
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July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
36
July 24, 2016
4th Generation Computers (early 1970s – Present)
• Microprocessor allowed hobbyists to build their own computer
• Before microprocessors, CPUs were too technically sophisticated
• Intel 8080 allowed people to build a PC around it
• 2 MHz speed
• 6,000 transistors
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July 24, 2016
4th Generation Computers (early 1970s – Present)
• Altair 8800
• First commercially available microcomputer kit
• Box of levers and lights
• Very crude
38
July 24, 2016
Today’s Schedule
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Programmable Computer
Electronic Computing
1st Generation
2nd Generation
High-Level Languages
3rd Generation
Mainframes, Supercomputers, Minicomputers
4th Generation
Personal Computers
39
July 24, 2016
Personal Computers (Microsoft)
• Gates and Allen created BASIC for new Altair system
• Mid 1980s, Microsoft produced MS-DOS
• Operating system for PCs
• 100% text-based
• Graphical user interface (GUI) did not come until 1990s
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July 24, 2016
Personal Computers (Apple)
• Steve Jobs and Wozniak created Apple II
• Color graphics came standard
• Plugged into television
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July 24, 2016
Personal Computers (IBM)
• IBM introduced IBM-PC in 1980s
• Sold over 65,000,000 PCs by mid 1980s!
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July 24, 2016
Personal Computers (Apple)
• Apple Macintosh
• First successful computer with GUI interface and mouse
• Very famous television commercial during 1984 super bowl
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July 24, 2016
Questions?
• Computers are everywhere!!
• Great time to learn computer science!
>
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July 24, 2016