2012
GLOBAL
PROGRESS
REPORT
on implementation of the
WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco
Control
Contents
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Scopes of global progress report
Overall progress in implementation of the Convention
Implementation of the Convention by provisions
Prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-related mortality
Priorities and challenges in implementing the Convention
Conclusions
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
2
Scopes of global progress report

Provides a global overview of the status of implementation
of the Convention, on the basis of the 126 reports provided
by the Parties in the 2012 reporting cycle;

Tracks progress made in implementation of the Convention
between different reporting periods;

Draws conclusions on overall progress, opportunities and
challenges, and provides key observations by article.
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
3
Overall progress in implementation of the Convention
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Current status of implementation
Progress in implementation between reporting periods
Examples of recent strong achievements
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
4
Current status of implementation
Articles with the highest reported implementation rates (with more than 65%
average implementation rates across the 126 Parties analysed):

Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)
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Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness)

Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)

Article 11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Current status of implementation (cont’d)
Articles with reported implementation in the range 40% to 60%:
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Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)
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Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco)
Article 5 (General obligations)
Article 10 (Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)
Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of information)
Article 14 (Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco
dependence and cessation)
Article 9 (Regulation of the contents of tobacco products)
Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Current status of implementation (cont’d)
Articles with the lowest reported implementation rates (of less than 25%):
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Article 18 (Protection of the environment and the health of persons)
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Article 19 (Liability)
Article 22 (Cooperation in the scientific, technical and legal fields and
provision of related expertise)
Article 17 (Provision of support for economically viable alternative
activities)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Average implementation rates (%) of substantive articles
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REPORT 2012
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Progress in implementation between reporting periods
Changes in percentages of average rates of implementation by article
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Progress in implementation between reporting periods
Articles that attracted relatively high positive changes over the
reporting periods:
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Article 8: +15 percentage points
Article 13: +12 percentage points
(for the comprehensive advertising ban)
Article 12: +11 percentage points
Article 16: +7 percentage points
Article 20: +5 percentage points
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Progress in implementation between reporting periods (cont’d)
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Article 22: +4 percentage points; and
Article 14: +3 percentage points
Overall (all substantive articles): +4 percentage points
(from 52% (by 2010) to 56% (in 2012))
GLOBAL PROGRESS
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Examples of recent strong achievements

Article 8
Australia, Canada – smoking bans including partly covered
or outdoor areas

Article 9
Brazil – ban on the use of additives

Article 11
Australia – plain packaging; Uruguay, Mauritius – increase in
the size of pictorial warnings
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Examples of recent strong achievements (cont’d)

Article 13
ban on displays of tobacco products at the point of sale:
Australia (at subnational level), Canada, Finland, Ireland, Nepal,
New Zealand, Norway, Palau and Panama; and
ban on advertising of tobacco products at points of sale:
Australia (at subnational level), Finland, Ireland, Nepal and
Ukraine
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
13
Article 5 (General obligations)

74 Parties reported having comprehensive tobacco-control
strategies, plans and programmes (Article 5.1)

102 Parties reported having designated a national focal point
for tobacco control; 76 Parties have a tobacco-control unit
(Article 5.2(a))

91 Parties reported having established national coordinating
mechanisms for tobacco control
(Article 5.2(a))
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 5 (cont’d)
Adoption of legislative, executive, administrative and other measures
(as per Article 5.2(b)) in relation of ratification of the WHO FCTC
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 5.3 (Protection of public health policies from
the tobacco industry)

68 Parties reported taking steps to prevent tobacco industry
interference

34 Parties took measures to make information on tobacco
industry activities available to the public

Specific references on Article 5.3 included in national
legislations: Burkina Faso, Djibouti and Namibia
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 5 (cont’d) – Key observations
Achievements
Challenges

More Parties report having
developed and implemented
comprehensive tobacco control
strategies and programmes

Reduced capacity for tobacco
control at administrative and
technical levels in about one
fifth of Parties

79% of Parties strengthened
their existing or adopted new
tobacco control legislation after
ratifying the Convention

National coordinating
mechanisms should be
strengthened

In 15 Parties tobacco control
legislation is still missing

Lawsuits initiated by the tobacco
industry

Increasing number of Parties
cover Article 5.3 in their national
legislation
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
17
Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand
for tobacco)
Total tax rates levied by Parties on cigarettes by WHO region
(% of average retail prices)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
18
Article 6 (cont’d)
Percentages of Parties reporting on types of tobacco excise taxation
across reporting periods, by WHO region
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 6 (cont’d)
Mean average prices per pack of 20 cigarettes (US$) for different
reporting periods, by WHO region
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
20
Article 6 (cont’d)

38 Parties reported that they prohibit or restrict duty-free sales
to international travelers

57 Parties prohibit or restrict imports by international travelers
of tax- and duty-free tobacco products

14 Parties provided information on earmarking tobacco taxes
for health

35 Parties provided data on economic burden of tobacco use
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
21
Article 6 (cont’d) – Key observations
Achievements
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Increased proportion of Parties
levying excise taxes or apply
specific or mixed excise systems
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Collection and provision of
taxation/pricing data, especially
in the case of tobacco products
other than cigarettes

Lack of data on economic
burden of tobacco use in around
¾ of Parties
22
Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)
Number of Parties (of 120 Parties that provided information on this
area) applying various degrees of bans on tobacco smoking, by setting
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 8 – Extent of smoke-free regulations
Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year time
frame for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking, by the
number of types of public places in which such bans apply
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 8 – Enforcement of measures

88 Parties reported having mechanisms/infrastructures for
the enforcement of smoke-free measures
(monitoring/prosecution arms)

Compliance monitoring
•
•
•
•

Health, sanitary, labour and educational inspectorates
(national/subnational)
NGOs
Police force
Mechanisms to receive and address citizens’ complaints
Penalties/prosecution
•
•
Embedded in national legislations
Types and level of administrative penalties laid down in codes
of administrative offences/violation
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REPORT 2012
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Article 8 – Time frame for implementation
(5 years, in the guidelines)
Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year time
frame for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking, by
types of public places
GLOBAL PROGRESS
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Article 8 (cont’d) – Key observations
Achievements
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Increased rate of complete bans
Extending the bans to partly
covered and outdoor areas
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges
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Only about half of Parties
provide “complete” protection
(in all analyzed settings)

Missed timelines for
implementation
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Complete bans only applying to
subnational jurisdictions
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
Enforcement-related difficulties
Need to improve knowledge on
existing legislation (e.g.,
educational campaigns)
27
Article 9 (Regulation of the contents) and Article 10
(Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)
Number of Parties implementing
provisions under Article 9
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Number of Parties implementing
provisions under Article 10
28
Articles 9 and 10 – Key observations
Achievements

Increase in the number of Parties
requiring disclosure to government
authorities

Some Parties banning additives
(e.g. flavours) – Australia, Brazil,
Canada, Chile, Panama, South
Africa

Requiring reduced ignition
propensity standards – EU,
Norway, South Africa
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Relative lack of legislation
requiring the testing and
measuring the content and
emissions

Lower rates of disclosure to the
public – mostly tar, nicotine and
CO required on the packs

Shortage of independent testing
facilities
29
Article 11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)
Number of Parties implementing provisions under Article 11
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
30
Article 11 – Time frame for implementation
(3 years)
Number of Parties that have implemented the eight time-bound provisions
under Article 11 (of 119 that reached their individual three-year deadlines)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
31
Article 11 – Key observations
Achievements
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Parties increasing the size of
warnings and including pictures
and pictograms
Coordination at subregional levels
(CARICOM, EU, GCC)
New strong measures and
breakthroughs (plain packaging)
WHO FCTC Health Warnings
Database and sharing licenses for
the use of pictorial warnings
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

19 Parties reported not requiring
health warnings at all

Comprehensiveness of packaging
policies is still low

Less than half of Parties require
over 50% and pictorial warnings

Interference of the tobacco
industry is intense (filing legal
actions or delaying effective
legislation)
32
Article 12 (Education, communication, training and
public awareness)
Areas covered in Parties’ educational and public awareness programmes
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
33
Article 12 (cont’d)
Number of Parties that reported targeting specific groups in educational
and public awareness programmes
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
34
Article 12 – Key observations
Achievements
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
115 Parties implemented some
educational and public awareness
programmes
Children, young people and the
general public are the most
frequently targeted groups

Communication programmes on
newly adopted tobacco control
legislation

More Parties share details of their
educational programmes in their
reports
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Gender specific messages are still
not widespread

Fewer messages on economic and
environmental consequences of
tobacco use

Broad and sustained media
campaigns are resource intensive
35
Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and
sponsorship)

Over 2/3 of Parties (86) reported introducing a comprehensive
ban on all forms of tobacco advertising promotion and
sponsorship

53 of the Parties with a ban in place include cross-border
advertising, promotion and sponsorship originating from their
territory in the ban

Five Parties (Canada, Cook Islands, Ghana, Japan and Mexico)
explained that they are precluded from doing so by their
constitutions or constitutional principles
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
36
Article 13 (cont’d)
Number of Parties reporting inclusion of selected provisions in their ban on
tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
(of 86 Parties that reported a comprehensive ban)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
37
Article 13 – Time frame for implementation (5 years)
Number of Parties implementing timeline-bound provisions under Article 13
(of 109 Parties that reached their individual deadlines for implementation)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 13 – Key observations
Achievements
Challenges

9 Parties reported introducing a
ban of displays of tobacco
products at POS

Banning cross-border advertising
originating and entering the
territory

4 Parties reported of having
implemented a ban on advertising
at POS

Tobacco advertising on the
Internet

Timely implementation of the
advertising ban (less than half of
Parties)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
39
Article 14 (Measures concerning tobacco dependence and
cessation)

Half of the Parties reported having developed integrated national
cessation guidelines based on scientific evidence and best practices

Over half of the Parties (76) reported including tobacco-dependence
diagnosis and treatment and counselling services in their national
tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes

Almost 2/3 of Parties (81) integrate tobacco dependence services in
their health-care systems; in 1/4 of Parties such services are fully
reimbursed, in another 1/4 they are partially reimbursed

1/3 of Parties (46) included tobacco dependence treatment in the
curricula of medical professionals
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REPORT 2012
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Article 14 (cont’d)
Number of Parties reporting a specific programme to promote cessation of
tobacco use
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
41
Article 14 – Key observations
Achievements

Use of novel approaches and new
technology to promote cessation
(smartphone applications,
interactive media devices (touchscreen technology), text
messaging, and web-based
messaging, use of social
networking site Facebook)

Gender specific programmes (UK:
cessation guidelines for pregnant
women; Canada, France: special
programmes on cessation to
women)

Increase in the number of Parties
which include NRT in their
essential drug lists
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Low rates of inclusion of tobacco
dependence treatment in the
curricula of health professionals

High market prices for
pharmaceutical products that may
help users to quit
42
Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)

2/3 of Parties (84) reported enacting or strengthening legislation to
control illicit trade; and 7 more have begun to develop such
legislation

More than half of Parties (69) provided data on seizures of illicit
tobacco products

17 Parties provided data on the share of smuggled tobacco
products on the national tobacco market (ranging from 0.20%
(Sweden) to 40% (Botswana))

Over 1/4 of Parties (36) reported that they developed a tracking and
tracing regime
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
43
Article 15 (cont’d)
Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 15 provisions
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
44
Article 15 – Key observations
Achievements

Number of Parties reporting
implementation of Article 15
provisions.
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Relatively low implementation of
tracking and tracing regimes

Need for a reinforcement of tools
and capacities for the effective
implementation of this article
45
Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)

90% of Parties (112) reported prohibiting sales of tobacco products
to minors and 2/3 of Parties (84) reported prohibiting sales by
minors

The legal age of majority was specified as ranging from 16 to 21
years

Examples of activities undertaken to raise awareness among
tobacco sellers of the rules concerning sales to minors and to
monitor compliance with such rules is available from several Parties

Good practices on reducing the accessibility of tobacco vending
machines to prevent minors from using them are available from
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada and San Marino
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
46
Article 16 (cont’d)
Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 16 provisions
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
47
Article 16 – Key observations
Achievements
Challenges

One of the highest overall
implementation rates for this
Article

Monitoring compliance and
enforcement of measures on sales
to minors

24 Parties reported recently
amending their national legislation
in this area


Parties which still allow the use of
tobacco vending machines take
measures to make them less
accessible to minors
Various sales practices still allowed
and/or difficult to enforce (street
sales, sales of individual sticks and
small packs)
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REPORT 2012
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Article 17 (Provision of support for
economically viable alternative activities)

62 Parties reported (of 129 reporting) growing tobacco in their
jurisdictions

the reported share of the value of tobacco leaf production in
GDP is around or below 1%

good examples of approaches to providing alternative
livelihoods are available from a few Parties (Bangladesh, Brazil,
Canada, Malaysia, Mexico)
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 18 (Protection of the environment and
the health of persons)

Recent progress reported by Parties in areas such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
introducing policies to regulate tobacco manufacturing
implementing measures to improve energy savings and reduce
emissions in the course of tobacco production
inspecting tobacco manufacturing facilities regularly to verify
compliance with production standards
establishing sanctions for environmental pollution caused by
tobacco manufacturing
developing guidelines for good agricultural practices in the use
of fertilizers, plant protection products and water consumption
ensuring that agricultural pesticides are only sold by dealers on
prescription from agricultural engineers
GLOBAL PROGRESS
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Articles 17 and 18 – Key observations
Achievements

good practice examples available
from a few Parties on the provision
of alternative livelihoods and
protection of the environment in
relation to tobacco growing and
manufacturing
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

implementation of these articles
are still to be strengthened

need for improved data collection
on specific programmes and
relevant research

need for strengthened platforms
for information exchange
51
Article 19 (Liability)

35 Parties reported having implemented measures that tackle
criminal and civil liability, including compensation, for the
purposes of tobacco control

Examples on progress provided by a few Parties in areas such as
•
•

implementation of measures in respect of civil or criminal liability
with a view to enforcing tobacco-control policies
developing legislative measures for civil or criminal liability
Brazil indicated that legislation was being developed to establish
the compensation to be paid by the tobacco industry to the
Government for the treatment costs of tobacco-related diseases
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Article 19 – Key observations
Achievements

around one quarter of Parties
reported having implemented
liability measures

a few Parties reported on their
legislative framework and/or
specific examples
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

few Parties reported
operationalizing their existing
frameworks for criminal and civil
liability in relation to tobacco
control

scarcity of successful and welldocumented court cases to serve
as examples of good practice
53
Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of
information)
Number of Parties reporting implementation of research activities, by topic
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
54
Article 20 – Reported research areas

surveys within the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (Global Youth
Tobacco Survey; Global Adult Tobacco Survey; Global School
Professionals Survey; Global Health Professions Students Survey)


tobacco use among young people (Netherlands)

impact of tobacco-control policies on smoking rates and patterns of
quitting (Republic of Korea)



exposure to tobacco smoke in hospitality venues (Spain)
tobacco policy monitoring, with special regard to supply and labelling
of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke (Panama)
comorbidity of tobacco use with alcohol consumption (Togo)
tobacco industry interference with tobacco policy development
(Ecuador)
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Article 20 – Surveillance systems

around or less than half of Parties cover, in their surveillance
systems,
•
•
•
•
•

patterns of tobacco consumption
exposure to tobacco smoke
determinants of tobacco consumption
consequences of tobacco consumption
social, economic and health indicators related to tobacco
consumption.
examples of practices concerning regular collection of tobaccorelated national data provided by Lithuania, Malta, Republic of
Korea, South Africa
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
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Article 20 – Key observations
Achievements
Challenges

strengthening of research and
surveillance capacity reported by a
number of Parties

lack of research programmes,
including basic research (e.g,
collection of prevalence data)

training and support to those
engaged in tobacco control and
facilitation of exchange of
information reported by around
half of Parties

insufficient national capacity and
funding for research, monitoring
and evaluation

lack of established and functioning
national system for
epidemiological surveillance in
around half of Parties

relative lack of gender-specific
research and research in the
treatment of tobacco dependence
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Article 21 (Reporting and exchange of information)
Status of reporting by the Parties

combined submission rate of first (two-year) and second (five-year)
reports: 73%

since the start of reporting under the Convention (February 2007), the
Secretariat had received at least one implementation report from 159
(91%) out of 174 Parties

in 2012, in the first reporting cycle linked to the regular COP session,
126 (72%) of 174 Parties that were due to report actually submitted an
implementation report


notable improvement in the completeness of reports
strengthened efforts to assist Parties in reporting, including Internetbased training sessions and individual assistance and clarifications to
Parties provided by the Secretariat
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REPORT 2012
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Article 22 (International cooperation)
Percentage of Parties reporting on assistance they provided or received,
by areas of assistance
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REPORT 2012
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Article 22 – Key observations
Achievements

1/3 of Parties reported on
assistance provided or received

16 Parties also reported
encouraging implementation
assistance through membership
in international organizations

most of the assistance received or
provided was in the area of
establishing and strengthening
national tobacco-control
strategies, plans and programmes
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
Challenges

Parties report more on assistance
received than on assistance
provided

Need for further strengthening
international cooperation to
facilitate compliance with various
requirements of the Convention
and further promoting
cooperation through existing
global, regional and subregional
mechanisms and through the
United Nations system
60
Prevalence of tobacco use
Estimated regional averages for prevalence of smoking and smokeless
tobacco use among adults (%)
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Prevalence of tobacco use (cont’d)
Estimated averages for prevalence of smoking tobacco among adults
by country income group (%)
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Tobacco related mortality

More than one third of the Parties (50) reported on tobacco-related
mortality data, up from only 15 Parties in 2010

Source of mortality data in the 50 Parties that reported such data:
•
•
•

31 Parties collected data from local studies
14 cases Parties referred to academic journal articles
in five cases Parties provided mortality estimates supplied to them by
WHO
Need for strengthening research involving patterns of tobacco
related morbidity and mortality in many Parties; in addition, the
methodologies of various studies should be aligned to ensure that
monitoring of morbidity and mortality data provides a sound basis
for strengthened implementation of the Convention.
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Smokeless tobacco products – summary of reported data

In the reporting instrument, Parties are required to report data on the
prevalence of SLT use, licit supply, seizures, taxation and prices of SLT
products.

2/3 of the Parties that submitted a report in the 2012 reporting cycle
included data on SLT in their reports, but the completeness of the
information provided varies greatly.

In general, SLT products are taxed at lower rates than smoking tobacco
products, but several Parties (Norway, Serbia, Singapore, Sweden and the
United Kingdom) reported recent increases in taxes applied to SLT
products.

Some Parties provided details of their legislation, regulations or policies
concerning SLT products (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, European Union,
Malta, New Zealand).

Three Parties (Australia, Iceland, Nepal) reported on recently completed or
ongoing research concerning SLT.
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Priorities in implementing the Convention

The most frequently reported priority areas are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
adoption, implementation and enforcement of tobacco control
legislation, strategies and action plans and strengthening
capacities for tobacco control (Article 5)
protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8)
education, communication, training and public awareness
(Article 12)
taxation of tobacco products (Article 6)
packaging and labelling of tobacco products (Article 11)
treatment with regard to tobacco dependence and cessation
(Article 14)
tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13).
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Constraints and barriers

interference by the tobacco industry in tobacco-control policy
development



lack of or insufficient political will
insufficient level of financial resources for tobacco control
lack or weakness of intersectoral coordination within the country,
including the lack of understanding, interest or commitment of
sectors other than health regarding the need for intersectoral
action for tobacco control
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Conclusions
1.
The transition to the new reporting cycle linked to regular sessions of the
COP has been relatively smooth, with 72% of the Parties submitting reports
in the 2012 reporting cycle.
2. Implementation rates continue to show disparities between different policy
measures; highest implementation rates on Articles 8, 12, 16 and 11. Lowest
implementation rates on Articles 18, 22, 19 and 17.
3.
With regard to implementation of time-bound requirements of the treaty,
the picture is also mixed; full and timely compliance seems to be hard to
achieve in most Parties.
4.
When comparison is made of progress between the initial (2007–2010) and
2012 reporting periods, the measures related to education, communication
and training (Article 12), advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13),
and protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8), emerge as those
with the highest positive changes in implementation rates.
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Conclusions (cont’d)
5.
Several Parties reported on recent measures that mark strong
achievements that could inspire accelerated implementation
internationally.
6.
The measures related to international cooperation and mutual
assistance between the Parties continue to be in general underutilized, and
thus have great potential for improvement.
7.
Comparable data show a continued or emerging decrease of smoking
prevalence in several Parties, particularly those with robust tobacco-control
policies.
8. Novel products, often effectively marketed, are increasingly appearing on
the market (e.g, new smokeless tobacco products).
9.
More than half of the Parties that reported in the latest reporting cycle
noted a substantial number of constraints and barriers that prevent them
from fully implementing the Convention.
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The 2012 Global Progress Report available at:
http://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/summary_analysis/
GLOBAL PROGRESS
REPORT 2012
69