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Compilation of
Energy Intensity Indicators
Prepared for the 6th meeting of the Oslo Group on Energy Statistics
Canberra, Australia 2-5 May 2011
Elisabeth Isaksen
Division for Energy Statistics
Statistics Norway
elisabeth.isaksen@ssb.no
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Link to IRES
• Chapter in IRES: 11, C
• Refer to the joint publication by IAEA, UNDESA, IEA,
Eurostat and EEA (2005)
– Social dimension
– Economic dimension
– Environmental dimension
• Countries are encouraged to develop the list of indicators
according to their policy concerns and data availability
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Economic Dimension
Sub-theme
Energy indicator
1
Overall use
Energy use per capita
2
Overall productivity
Energy use per unit of GDP
3
Supply efficiency
Efficiency of energy conversion and distribution
4
Production
Reserves/Production
Resources/Production
5
End Use
Industrial energy intensity
Agricultural energy intensity
Service energy intensity
Househould energy intensity
Transport energy intensity
6
Diversification
Fuel shared in energy and electricity
Non-carbon energy share in energy and electricity
Renewable energy share in energy and electricity
7
Prices
End-use prices by fuel an sector
8
Security
Net energy import dependency
3
Link to the ESCM
• Chapter 7
• This chapter will provide details on country practice in
compilation of various energy indicators including those for
sustainable energy development (…)
4
Energy Indicators for Norway
• The Division for Energy Statistics at Statistics Norway is
currently working on a report on energy indicators for
Norway from 1990-2009
• Focus: Energy intensity and energy efficiency
• Goal of the report:
– Present indicators that show the coherence between energy
consumption and economic activity in Norway, and by this indicate if
the energy consumption has become more or less efficient.
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What is an energy indicator
• Energy use
• Main drivers behind energy use
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
GDP/value added (constant prices)
Production value (constant prices)
Population
Passenger and freight transport
Income (households)
Residence and office buildings (heated
floor area)
Background
indicators/Basic
Statistics:
Published
regularly at most
statistical offices
Energy intensity indicators
– Energy per production value, energy per
value added, energy per man-hours,
energy per passenger-km etc.
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Why make indicators?
•
Why are indicators useful
– Summarize information
– Monitor trends
•
Why are energy indicators useful
– Link energy use to relevant activity measures
– Guide policymaking and strategic decisions
– Predict future development in energy use
Why is energy efficiency desirable:
–
–
–
–
Reduce the energy consumption
Reduce emission to air
Reduce energy expenditures
Increase self-sufficiency
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Energy intensity vs. energy efficiency
•
•
Energy intensity is not the same as energy efficiency
•
Energy intensity does not automatically say something about how
efficient energy is used. The energy intensity of a country depends
(among other things) on:
Energy intensity is a measure of how much energy is used compared to
a relevant activity measure (for instance GDP).
– The structure of the economy (industry based, service based)
– The climate (heating, cooling)
– The landscape (long stretched, compact)
 Have to have this in mind when we compare indicators across countries
•
For a country’s economy the change in energy intensity from one period
to another can be illustrated as:
– ∆Energy intensity = ∆structure * ∆efficiency
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What is a ‘good indicator’?
• Clear goal
– What is the indicator suppose to measure?
– Does the indicator measure what it is supposed to measure?
– Heterogeneity within a sector/industry/country  need for different
indicators or complementary indicators
• Identify main users
– Who will use the indicators? (authorities, the public, agencies)
• User friendly
– Easy to understand
– Not too many indicators
• International comparable
– IEA, ODYSEE (EU), ESCM
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Data sources - overview
• Energy accounts
– Total energy use, energy use for different sectors (SIC), energy use
by fuel type
• Energy balance
– Energy use for transport purposes
• National accounts
– GDP in constant prices, Value added in constant prices, Production
value in constant prices
– Population, Income, households, persons pr households
– Man-hours, Full-time equivalent
• Other data sources
– Floor area
– Passenger-km travel, tonne-km freight,
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(1) National Indicators
•
•
•
•
Energy use per production value (constant prices)
Energy use per GDP (constant prices)
Energy use per capita
Energy use per income
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(1) National Energy Indicators (cont.)
Energy use, Production Value and Energy use per production
value. 1990-2009. Index 1990=1
2,50
2,00
Energy Use
1,50
Production Value
(constant prices)
1,00
Energy use /
Production Value
(constant prices)
0,50
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
-
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(2) Energy indicators by industries
Manufacturing
Service industry
Primary industries
Construction
Energy
Accounts
(Industries
by SIC)
Energy producing industries
Energy used for transport purposes
Households (residential)
Energy
Balance/
Surveys
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Manufacturing
•
•
Energy use per production value (excl. and incl. energy used as
feedstock)
Energy use per physical unit produced (excl. and incl. energy used as
feedstock)
Energy use per production value. Excl. energy used as feedstock. 1990-2009
Basic metals
900
Basic chemicals
800
Pulp, paper and paper
products
700
Food
600
500
Machinery, Repair,
shipyard,oil plattforms
400
woodware
300
Refined petroleum,
chemical and mineral
products
Other industry
200
100
Manufacuring TOTAL
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Average - Norwegian
economy
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Service sector
Production value
National accounts
Employment
National accounts
Man-hours
National accounts
Floor area
Survey on energy use in buildings in service
sector
Energy use per man-hours
Energy use per floor area
Challenges:
– Combine energy use and floor
area (new survey)
– Secure comparable aggregates
(EA and NA)
Energy indicators for the service industry. Index 1990=1.
1990-2009
1,20
1,00
Energy use/ Production
value
Energy use/ man-hours
0,80
0,60
Energy use/employed
0,40
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
-
1995
– Climate adjusted energy use
0,20
1994
Improvement
1993
•
Energy accounts
1992
•
Energy use per employed
Energy use
1991
•
•
•
Energy use per production value
in constant prices
Data source
1990
•
Variable
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Primary industries & construction
Energy use per production value
Primary industries and construction. Energy use per production value. 19902009.
Farming
1 000
900
800
700
600
Forestry
Fishing
Fish farming
500
400
Construction
300
200
100
-
Average primary
industries
Average Norwegian
economy
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
•
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Energy producing industries
Energy use (excl. flaring) per production value
Energy use (excl. flaring) per physical unit
Extraction of crude oil and natural gas. Energy use, production and energy intensities.
Index 1990=1
2,50
Energy use (excl.
Flaring)
2,00
Physical production
1,50
Production value
1,00
Indicator 1: Energy
use/physical
production
0,50
Indicator 2: energy
use/production value
Indicator 3: Energy use
/ value added
-
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
•
•
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Transport
•
Energy intensity
– Energy use per passengerkm
– Energy use per tonne-km
•
Challenges
– Comparable aggregates.
– Split energy into passanger
and freight transport vs.
weighted index of the two
transport measures
Variable
Data source
Energy use
Energy Balance
Passengem-km
Division for transport statistics (survey,
calculations ,++)
Tonn-km
Division for transport statistics (survey,
calculations ,++)
Energy use for transport purposes, passanger-km and
tonnkm. 1990.2009. Index, 1990=1
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Passenger transport
Freight transport
Energy use for transport purposes
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Households
• Energy indicators
–
–
–
–
Energy use per capita
Energy use per household
Energy use per income/consumption
Energy use per (heated) floor area
• Other
– Appliance ownership
– Effect of heat pump
• Sources: Household survey (Energy accounts)
• Important things to considerate
– Temperature
– Prices
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Energy use - 3 different scenarios
Development in energy use.
3 Different Scenarios. Index 1990=1
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
09
08
20
07
20
20
06
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
20
19
98
97
19
96
19
19
95
94
19
93
19
19
92
91
19
19
19
90
0
Energy use - Actual
(1) Only allow changes in production value
(2) Only allow changes in structure
(3) Only allow changes in energy intensity
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Decomposition Analysis
•
Can use a decomposition model to
identify
– The activity effect
– The structure effect
– The intensity (efficiency) effect
•
Methods available from different
publications
– IEA
– ODYSEE (EU)
– Country practice
•
Illustration of decomposition of the
development in energy use for the whole
economy (fictitious example)
25 %
18 %
20 %
15 %
10 %
5%
3%
0%
-5 %
Useful with a description of the
methods in ESCM
– Residual term?
– Easy & ‘inaccurate’ vs. more
complicated and ‘accurate’.?
-3 %
-10 %
-10 %
-15 %
Actual change
in energy use
(1) Acitivy
effect
(2) Structure
effect
(3) Intensity
effect
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Challenges/improvements
• Secure comparable aggregates for energy use and activity
measures (production value, value added, man-hours, floor
area)
• Lack of good data sources on energy use in buildings
– But lot of effort put into this area
 A new sample survey
 Energy labelling of buildings
• Climate adjusted energy use
• Moving average instead of annual numbers
– Avoid the problem of one extreme basis year influencing the per
cent change for the period as a whole
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Work being done on energy indicators
• IEA
– Collection of country practice
– Database
– Publications
• Eurostat
– Publications
• ODYSSEE – network
– Database
– Publications
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Previous presentations on Energy Indicators by
Oslo Group Members
•
Energy indicators: Objective, methods and results by Peter Dal, Denmark (Oslo, 2006)
– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting
•
Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development in Mexico by Roberto Lopez, Mexico (Oslo
2006)
– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting
•
Energy efficiency indicators by Chris Bryant, United Kingdom
(Oslo 2006)
– http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting
•
Monitoring Energy efficiency in Poland by Szymon Peryt, Poland presented (Delhi, India
2007)
– http://og.ssb.no/escmmainpage/countrypractises/poland_new_delhi.ppt/file_view?portal_status_m
essage=File%20changes%20saved.
•
Introduction to Energy Efficiency Indicators by Jean-Yves Garnier, IEA (Mexico, 2008)
– http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/Workshops/mexico2008/Presentations/Session%207%20%20Energy-Efficiency-Indicators%20IEA.pdf
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Thank you for your attention

For more information about energy statistics in Norway, visit:
http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/01/03/10/energi_en/
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