Canada’s National Greenhouse Gas
Inventory
Presentation to the Oslo Group
February 2009
Frank Neitzert, P. Eng
Chief, Energy Section
Greenhouse Gas Division
Environment Canada
Outline
• National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
• Canada’s Reporting Obligations
– UNFCCC Monitoring, Reporting and Review
– Kyoto Protocol Requirements
– Key Reporting and Review Principles
• Energy Sector
– Greenhouse Gas Contribution
– Emission Development
▪ Stationary Combustion
▪ Data Partner
– Improvement Activities
– Emission Trends
Page 2 – July 23, 2016
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
•
Government of Canada’s policy is to comply with international reporting
obligations and support the development of quality inventories
•
Reporting to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) for close to two decades
•
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (consists of the national inventory report
and the common reporting formation tables)
–
Provides a complete national picture of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
for a variety of government and public interest purposes
•
Inventory improvement activities are conducted annually to reduce
uncertainties associated with the estimates based on industry studies,
emission factor research, provincial collaborations, QA/AC procedures, peer
reviews and key category identification.
•
Institutional Arrangements are a Pillar for Data Collection and Quality
Assurance
Page 3 – July 23, 2016
Canada’s GHG Reporting Obligations
• Canada’s National Inventory must be comprehensive, accurate and
verifiable, and must enable reconstruction of estimates from all sources
and sinks.
• National Inventory serves a dual purpose and must meet requirements
of both UNFCCC & Kyoto
• Obligation to use as detailed and up-to-date information as practical to
ensure accurate and meaningful estimates
– “As part of its inventory planning, each Party included in Annex I should consider ways
to improve the quality of activity data, emission factors, methods and other relevant
technical elements of inventories.” FCCC/KP/CMP//2005/8/Add.3 Decision 19 CMP.1
Page 4 – July 23, 2016
UNFCCC Monitoring, Reporting & Review
• Methods
– Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(IPCC 1996)
– IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000 & 2003 for LULUCF)
• Reporting
– UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on annual greenhouse gas inventories
(Decision 18/CP.8 & Decision 13/CP.9, 14CP.11)
• Review
– UNFCCC Review Guidelines (Decision 19/CP.8 annex and Decision
12/CP.9)
Page 5 – July 23, 2016
Kyoto Protocol Requirements
•
National System requires additional information under the Kyoto Protocol in
accordance with Articles 5, and 7 of the Protocol
•
By January 1, 2007, need to meet international guidelines related to :
•
The National System (Article 5.1) - the institutional, legal and procedural
arrangements necessary to estimate, verify and report emissions and removals of
greenhouse gases
•
The National Registry (Article 7.4) – the electronic database to account for
transaction of Kyoto units
•
The Annual Inventory Report – (Article 7.1) the reporting of all information required
to assess compliance with the target
Compliance with these guidelines is mandatory to:
• establish an emissions allowance (initial assigned amount)
• participate in the Kyoto Mechanisms
• Avoid a third-party “adjustment” to our emissions estimate
Page 6 – July 23, 2016
Key Reporting and Review Principles
Transparency
▪ Assumptions & methodologies clear
Consistency
▪ All inventory years internally consistent – data/methods
Comparability
▪ IPCC methods and UNFCCC reporting guidelines used
Completeness
▪ All sources/sinks, gases, years included
Accuracy
▪ Promoted via Good Practice Guidance
▪ (QA/QC, Key category identification, uncertainty analysis and
formalized institutional arrangements)
Page 7 – July 23, 2016
Overall Goal - Improving Inventory Quality
National GHG Inventories should be:
• Accurate in the sense that they are neither over- nor
underestimated as far as can be judged,
• Precise in the sense that uncertainties in the estimates should
be reduced as far as practical.
Inaccurate
but Precise
Inaccurate
& Imprecise
Accurate
but Imprecise
Page 8 – July 23, 2016
Precise
& Accurate
The Energy Sector
Greenhouse Gas Contribution
• In 2006, the Energy Sector accounts for about 80% (583 Mt CO2 eq)
of the national total greenhouse gas emissions (721 Mt CO2 eq.)
• The energy sector includes emissions from:
– Stationary Combustion = 324 Mt CO2 eq.
– Transport = 192 Mt CO2 eq.
– Fugitives = 67 Mt CO2 eq.
Industrial
Processes
and Other
Product Use
8%
Agriculture
9%
Waste
3%
Energy
80%
Page 10 – July 23, 2016
Emission Development
• In general, emissions are developed on the basis of fuel
•
•
data.
Almost all fuel data is supplied by Statistics Canada,
Canada’s national statistics agency
There are two major emission categories in the Energy
Sector:
– Combustion sources
▪ Electricity generation, petroleum refining, oil and natural gas
industries, mining, transport, manufacturing industries,
commercial and residential, forestry, agriculture, etc…
– Fugitive sources
▪ Intentional and un-intentional releases from fossil fuel
production, processing, transportation, distribution, storage,
etc…
Page 11 – July 23, 2016
Combustion Sources
Emissions = Σ(Fuel Use x EF)category
Where: EF = Emission Factor = Oxidation Factor per unit fuel
Statistics Canada’s Energy Balances (RESD)
Greenhouse Gas Categories
2005
2006
TOTAL1
734,491
720,632
ENERGY
a.
Stationary Combustion Sources
Electricity and Heat Generation
Fossil Fuel Industries
596,307
338,308
124,680
68,916
583,100
324,183
116,989
67,856
Petroleum Refining and Upgrading
Fossil Fuel Production
17,316
51,600
16,229
51,628
15,563
47,301
16,539
46,336
6,476
3,270
6,341
7,177
4,593
19,444
6,377
3,047
6,491
5,952
4,852
19,618
Construction
Commercial & Institutional
Residential
Agriculture & Forestry
Transport2
Civil Aviation (Domestic Aviation)
Road Transportation
1,364
36,699
41,807
1,978
192,519
8,574
130,721
1,304
33,437
39,802
1,920
192,125
8,435
133,233
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Motorcycles
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Propane & Natural Gas Vehicles
39,882
43,078
6,295
251
432
2,131
37,927
725
38,905
44,780
6,275
259
433
2,327
39,449
804
6,194
6,441
40,589
6,388
5,754
38,315
Off-Road Gasoline
Off-Road Diesel
Pipelines
7,364
23,090
10,134
6,677
21,976
9,662
Fugitive Sources
Coal Mining
Oil and Natural Gas
65,481
726
64,755
66,792
640
66,152
5,646
20,840
32,805
5,464
5,714
21,350
33,114
5,974
Mining & Oil and Gas Extraction
Manufacturing Industries
Iron and Steel
Non Ferrous Metals
Chemical
Pulp and Paper
Cement
Other Manufacturing
b.
Railways
Navigation (Domestic Marine)
Other Transportation
Emissions
c.
Page 12 – July 23, 2016
Oil
Natural Gas
Venting
Flaring
Data Partners
Natural Resources Canada
Collaboration on Transport
Modelling, Activity Data
Canadian Industrial End
Use Data Analysis Centre
(CIEEDAC)
Industrial Information
(including emission factors)
OTHERS:
Environmental
Technology & Science
Centre (Environment Can.)
Vehicle Measurements &
Expertise
Consulting Groups
Specialty Emissions
Expertise
Energy Section, GHG Division
- Performs Energy Estimates:
●Stationary Model
●Transport Model
●Fugitive Model
- Performs QC, verification
- GHG and Trends Analyses
(Primary source for Division)
- Develops CRF Tables for Division
- ERT reviews, IPCC Guidance
●Energy
Estimates of
GHG Inventory
• Annual CRF Tables,
Database
PRODUCTS
Statistics Canada
Energy, Other Activity Data
INPUTS
PARTNERS:
Natural Resources
Environment Canada
Canada
●GHG Division (Other
●Analysis, Modeling Div:
Energy, GHG Forecast Exchange Sections): Collaboration
●Office of Energy
●Other Groups: GHG
Efficiency: Emissions
Forecasts, Surveys,
Data, Energy Analysis
Data
•Portions of National
Inventory Report
• Trends and Other
Analyses, Reports and
Documents
• Contributions to
Country Reviews and
ERT Reports
Review
• CIEEDAC - Informal Expert QA
• Provincial Colleagues (National Air Issues
Coordinating Committee) – Stakeholder Review
Page 13 – July 23, 2016
• Portions of IPCC
Guidelines
Energy Statistics – Strengths &
Weaknesses
Annual Report on Energy Supply & Demand – Key Source of
Data.
Strengths
•
•
•
•
Captures all energy use including internally produced and consumed energy.
Differentiates between fuels used for industrial processes and fuels used for
electricity.
Differentiates between energy products used for energy purposes and nonfuel use (e.g. natural gas and petroleum coke).
Provides information for a large number of energy commodities at a fine
level of detail.
Weaknesses
•
•
•
•
•
Reliance on information provided by suppliers of energy
Energy consumption data for key sectors such as oil and gas
More industry detail required for key sectors
Alternative and emerging transportation fuels
Little provincial energy consumption data
Page 14 – July 23, 2016
Reporting Emissions in the
Common Reporting Format
• Emissions are reported by
detailed UNFCCC Common
Reporting Format (CRF)
categories, whenever
possible
RESD
Category
to
UNFCCC
Reporting
Category
• In some cases the energy
data is not broken down by
CRF category
–
–
E.g.: Energy data for
industrial electricity
production is not broken
down by the industries in
which it is generated
Therefore must allocate
differently than in CRF
Page 15 – July 23, 2016
A. Fuel Combustion Activities (Sectoral Approach)
1. Energy Industries
a. Public Electricity and Heat Production
b. Petroleum Refining
c. Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Indus
2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction
a. Iron and Steel
b. Non-Ferrous Metals
c. Chemicals
d. Pulp, Paper and Print
e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco
f. Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)
1.AA.2.F.ii Mining
1.AA.2.F.i Cement
1.AA.2.F.iv Other Manufacturing
1.AA.2.F.iii Construction
3. Transport
a. Civil Aviation
b. Road Transportation
c. Railways
d. Navigation
e. Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sh
Other non-specified
4. Other Sectors
a. Commercial/Institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries
5. Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 4)
a. Stationary
b. Mobile
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
1. Solid Fuels
a. Coal Mining and Handling
b. Solid Fuel Transformation
c. Other (as specified in table 1.B.1)
2. Oil and Natural Gas
a. Oil
b. Natural Gas
c. Venting and Flaring
Venting
Flaring
d. Other (as specified in table 1.B.2)
Continuous Improvement Activities
• Reliable, precise energy data is critical to accurate and transparent energy
sector estimates
• Energy section representatives:
– Work directly with Statistics Canada to review annual energy data and assist
in the development of improved data surveys
– Serve on interdepartmental groups to direct work, discuss issues and
improvements
▪ Energy Steering Committee
▪ Energy Working Group
• Energy Balances and the Industrial Consumers of Energy survey (a key
input to the Balances) are jointly supported by Environment Canada and
Natural Resources Canada
– This funding is obtained by means of annual updated memorandum of
understanding
– No long-term funding is in place for this critical energy data
Page 16 – July 23, 2016
Emission Trends
–
Increasing domestic and
foreign demand for oil and
gas contributed to an
increase of 43 Mt CO2 eq.
(34% of Canadian total)
emissions in the fossil fuel
industry.
11,750
750
11,500
725
11,250
700
11,000
675
–
–
Rising demand for electricity
along with increasing use of
fossil fuels in the generation
mix drove GHG emissions
up by 22 Mt CO2 eq. (17% of
Canadian total) in the
electricity and heat
generation sector
Emissions from the transport
sector has increased by 44
Mt CO2 eq. (34% of
Canadian total) due in parts
to rising use of light duty
gasoline trucks and heavy
duty diesel vehicles
Available Energy, PJ
10,750
650
10,500
625
10,250
600
10,000
575
9,750
550
9,500
525
9,250
500
9,000
8,750
475
8,500
450
8,250
425
8,000
400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Available Energy
Page 17 – July 23, 2016
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse Gas, Mt CO2 eq
• Between 1990 and 2006