Time Use Survey
in Tanzania: Gender
Sylvia Meku
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
United Nations Workshop on Integrating A Gender Perspective into
Statistics
Kampala, Uganda, 4 – 7 December, 2012
1
Population Overview
 Population censuses in Tanzania dates back to
1910; The first scientific census took place in 1958;

Four censuses have been conducted since
independence in 1961, (1967, 1978, 1988 and
2002);

The
fifth
post
independence
conducted in August, 2012.
census
was
Population: 1967 - 2012
50.0
41.9
Population in
Millions
45.0
40.0
34.6
35.0
30.0
23.1
25.0
17.5
20.0
15.0
12.3
10.0
5.0
1967
1978
Year
Source: 2010 TDHS Survey
1988
2002
2012
Rural-Urban Distribution of Population, by Residence:
1967, 1978, 1988 and 2002
100.0
93.6
90.0
86.2
80.0
81.6
76.9
Percent
70.0
60.0
60.0
Rural
50.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
13.8
18.4
23.1
6.4
1967
1978
1988
Year
Source: 2010 TDHS Survey
2002
2012
Urban
Women’s and Men’s Employment
Percent of currently married
women and men 15-49
employed at the time of the
survey
Women
100
89
100
99
84
Men
100
99
86
86
90
92
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
91
99
95
100
*
Total
15-49
15-19
Age
Source: 2010 TDHS Survey
40-44
45-49
Type of Payment
Percent distribution of payment type among currently
married employed women and men age 15-49
Women
Men
56
53
30
28
15
16
2
Cash only
Cash and in-kind
<1
In-kind only
Not paid
TIME USE
SURVEY
7
Points
I.
Background
II.
Classifications
III.
Sample design & Mode of administration
IV.
Findings: Tables and charts
V.
Observations on TUS
VI.
Disseminations
VII.
Methodological Issues & Recommendations
VIII.
Conclusion & References
8
I. Background

TUS survey in Tanzania date back in 2006

The study was advocated by Tanzania Gender &
Networking Programme and supported by Poverty
Eradication Division of the Vice President’s Office

TUS was included as a module in the 2006
Integrated Labour Force Survey (ILFS)
9
…I. Background
The 2006 TUS data provided comprehensive

data of individuals’ on how they spent time in
different activities:


SNA activities

Extended SNA activities

Non-work activities
The 2006 TUS shows that the burden of un-paid
work in Tanzania is large and mostly borne by
women (Table 2)
10
II. Activities Classification
Activities were classified into:
SNA activities:


Employment and production for establishments

Primary production not for establishments

Services
for
income
and
other
production
not
establishments
Extended SNA activities:


Household maintenance and management

Care of children, sick, elderly & disabled in household

Community services and help to others
11
for
…II. Activities Classification

Non-Work activities:

Learning

Social and cultural activities

Mass media use

Personal care and maintenance
12
III. Sample Design & Mode of
Administration

Household individuals age 5+ years and above

Reference period: last day/seven days

An area frame:

244 EAs/blocks sample

More than 3000 households

10,553 individual interviews

Domain estimates 5:

Mode of administration: face-to-face interviews
Rural/Urban/Males/Females/National
using paper and pencil
13
IV. FINDINGS
14
Chart 1: Female and male Shares in Total Time Inputs to
SNA and Non-SNA
NON-SNA
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SNA
9.0
28.8
34.4
27.8
MALE
FEMALE
15
Chart 2: Urban and Rural Shares in Total Time Inputs to SNA
and Non-SNA
100%
90%
NON-SNA
SNA
80%
61.8%
70%
60%
46.3%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
15.8%
27.2%
37.8%
10.6%
0%
Urban
Rural
Source: 2006 ILFS Report
16
Total
Table 1: Average time spent on activities in a day, by sex and
main activity type
S/N
Activity Type
o.
1 Employment
for establishments
Primary production activities not for
establishments
Services for income and other production of
3
goods not for establishments
Household maintenance, management and
4
shopping for own household
Care for children, the sick, elderly and
5
disabled for own household
Community services and help to other
6
households
7 Learning
10 Personal
34.7
89.7
4.2
2.4
6.2
163.0
180.2
11.9
11.3
12.5
6.9
5.7
0.4
0.5
0.4
169.8
51.8
7.9
11.8
3.6
35.4
11.5
1.7
2.5
0.8
7.2
8.9
0.6
0.5
0.6
75.1
86.9
5.6
5.2
6.0
94.6
129.7
7.7
6.6
9.0
7.7
17.8
0.9
0.5
1.2
851.5 845.6 857.8
59.1
58.7
59.6
171.3
6.3
113.3
23.9
8.0
80.8
111.4
and cultural
9 Mass media
All
61.0
2
8 Social
Mean Minutes per Day
All Female
Male
use
12.5
care and self maintenance
Total
Percent of Day
Female
Male
Workshop on Gender Statistics, 4 7
1,440.0
December 2012,
Uganda
1,440.0 1,440.0
100.0Kampala100.0
17
100.0
Table 2: Percent of Time Spent per day by Major
Category
Activity Type
Employment for
establishments
Primary production ativities not
for establishments
Services for income and other
production of goods not for
establishments
Household maintanance,
management and shopping for
own household
Care for children, the sick,
elderly and disabled for own
household
Community services and help
to other households
Learning
Social and cultural
Mass media use
Personal care and self
maintanance
Total
5-9
Female
10 - 14
Male
Female
15 -24
Male
Female
25 - 34
Male
Female
35 - 64
Male
Female
65+ Years
Male
Female
Male
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
4.7
2.2
13.6
4.4
10.6
4.0
2.5
0.8
6.3
4.6
10.0
7.6
14.1
12.2
14.2
13.6
15.3
15.1
12.1
10.1
-
-
-
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.8
1.0
0.3
2.8
4.1
3.8
8.0
4.1
14.6
3.7
15.8
3.5
13.6
3.7
9.5
1.0
1.9
0.5
0.9
0.5
3.1
1.0
4.1
1.0
2.3
0.7
1.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
8.5
9.6
17.7
17.8
9.0
5.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
17.3
16.1
8.6
7.0
7.8
4.5
7.1
4.2
7.3
4.8
6.5
5.1
0.5
0.3
0.9
0.4
1.6
0.7
1.5
0.6
1.5
0.5
0.9
0.2
63.0
62.9
57.7
57.5
57.2
56.8
57.0
55.7
59.4
58.2
71.9
71.8
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
18
Pattern of Time Use

Water: Key input into cooking, cleaning, nursing and
other domestic activities carried out mostly by women as
part of their caring responsibilities.

Women are more involved in water collection and spend
more time on this task than men do:

about 76 per cent of all adult women collect water,
compared with only 33 per cent of men.

The average time spent by women in this activity is about
30 minutes compared with 20 minutes for men.
……Pattern of Time Use

Rural women are more likely to collect water (80 per
cent) than urban women (65 per cent)

The average time spent by rural women is slightly
longer (31 minutes) than the time spent by urban
women (27 minutes) whereas men devote to the task
the same time on average on a daily basis, regardless
of where they live.
Participation rate, mean time among
participants and mean time among
population by sex for adults H2O
All
Female
Participation rate, mean time among
participants and mean time among
population by sex and Location H2O
Mal
e
Adult Females
Adult Males
Rural
Rural
Urban
34.1
29.7
Percent
Participation
Rate
55.4
Urban
Percent
75.6
32.9
Partici
pation
Rate
79.6
65.4
Absolute minutes per day
Absolute minutes per
day
Mean among
participants
27.2
30.1
19.6
Mean among
population
15.1
22.8
6.5
Mean
among
partici
pants
Mean
among
popula
tion
31.2
24.8
26.7
17.5
19.7
6.7
19.3
5.7
Overburden (H20 Collection)
The
overburdened
are those who
spend more
time than
average
(among
participants)
on a certain
activity.
•
About
85
percent
of
the
overburdened are women and
over three quarters of them live
in rural areas
•
Income matters in overburden
…..Overburden – H2O
Overburdened adult 15+
population by Residence and
Sex
Above Average
Resid
ence
Female
Adults
Male
Adults
Total
Urban
17.0
4.1
21.1
Rural
67.7
11.2
78.9
Total
84.7
15.3
100.0
Overburdened adult 15+
population by Income Level and
Sex
Househ
old
Income
Above Average
Female
Adults
Male
Adults
Total
<50,000
51.2
8.9
60.0
50,000 –
99,000
22.2
4.4
26.6
100,000+
11.2
2.1
13.4
Total
84.6
15.4
100
….Overburden
Collection of
water takes
more time
and effort
for both
women and
men from
poorer
households.
•
79 percent of women and 36 percent of men
from households with monthly cash income of less
than Tshs 50,000 collect water, compared with
only 63 percent of women and 27 percent of men
in households with income greater than Tshs
100,000.
•
When looking at households at the very top
deciles of the income distribution (income greater
than Tshs 1,000,000) the proportion of women
and men engaged in water collection drops
further (60 per cent for women and 5 percent
only for men).
….Overburden – Fuel wood collection
•
About 39 of all adult women and
17 per cent of men collect fuel.
•
Women in Tanzania
are more involved in
fetching fuel wood
than men.
The average time spent by women
in this activity is about 23 minutes
compared with 29 minutes for men
•
fuel wood is much higher in rural
(50 percent of women and 21 percent
of men) spend on average more than
20 minutes every day collecting it.
V. Observation on TUS Results

Burden of unpaid work: large & mostly borne by women

Overburden: Location, sex and income levels matter

Gender bias: in most unpaid work

Children involvement in unpaid work: potential –ve impact
for their future

Time spent to collect firewood: affects mostly rural residence
than urban residence (a call for an alternative source)

Water
collection:
simultaneously
burden
households
regardless of area of residence
26
VI. Disseminations
I.
Publications
II.
Website
III.
CDs
IV.
Media: TVs, News papers, radio, commedy
V.
Press conferences
VI.
Key stakeholders
VII.
Media interviews
VIII.
During Launching workshops of the survey results
IX.
Professional and government holidays (may Day, Stats days)
X.
Databases (TNADA, GDDS, CoutryStat, TSED, TISD)
27
VII. Methodological issues & recommendations:

Definition of terms: Sex and Gender

Independent TUS: (not a module) with a large sample to be
able to generate reliable outcome for other indicators

Standard
statistical
methodology:
comparability and GDP improvement
international
…VII. Methodological recommendations:
 Vignette: can be used to gather useful information
before conducting TUS/Gender
 Gender mainstreaming: in all surveys at designing
level (Issues, users need, data source, indicators,
sampling, measurement and inference
VIII. Conclusion

TUS helped to measure work undertaken by women which
goes usually undercounted in all other surveys.

TUS as an add-on module of the ILFS: draw links between
gendered patterns of time use and other socio-economic
characteristics contained in other parts of the ILFS

Data gap since 2006: the trend now might have a different story
to tell users

A smaller sample for 2006: compared to individual population
5+years old: Detailed disaggregation's could not generate reliable
results (Budlender, 2008).

Regular TUS: to track changes for trend analysis

Current a plant to conduct new ILFS: Module of TUS???
30
IX. References

Budlender, D. 2008, ‚The Political and Social Economy of Care: Tanzania Research
Report 2‛. Geneva: The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Marzia F. and Luisa N. (2008). Gendered Patterns of Time Use in Tanzania: Public
Investment in Infrastructure Can Help
 Schneider, (1981). Methodological problems in victim surveys and their
implications for research in victimology.


Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (2006). Integrated Labour Force Survey.

Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (1941 - 2002). Population and Housing
Censuses
31
Questions
32