International Workshop on Social Statistics
Beijing, China, 22-24-November-2010
By National Institute of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning, Cambodia

I. Introduction
II. Modules on violence and reports
III. Practices on the topic of violence against women
IV. Legal framework and Laws
V. Mechanisms to promote gender equality and equity

• Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) is a multi-topic household survey with a very extensive questionnaire. In the survey a module on victimization was also included since 2004 (CSES 2004/2007/2009).
Victim of violence is one section of victimization. CSES was carried out on a nationwide representative samples and the survey has been conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (Ministry of Planning).
• Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is also a multi-topic survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. In the survey a household relations module (domestic violence) was also included since 2000 (CDHS 2000/2005). CDHS was carried out on a nationwide representative samples and the survey has been conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and National Institute of Public
Health (Ministry of Health).
• CSES is sponsored by UNDP and Sida funds.
• CDHS is sponsored by USIAD, ADB,UNFPA, UNICEF, etc..

For Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES 2004/ 2007/
2009) some following questions on victim of violence have been asked to each household member personally, only for children the interviewer can ask their parents.
1. Have you been exposed to any act of violence that caused injury in the last 12 months?
2. To which type of violence?
3. How often have you been exposed in the last 12 months?
4. Was any event reported to some authorities?
5. Which authority did you report the event(s) to?
6. Did any event go to court procedure?
7. Was this act of violence committed by some stranger or by someone known to you?
8. Was the injury so serious that medical care was needed?
9 How long did it take for the injury to heal?
Note: Few questions have been slightly changed between each CSES.

• In this section victimization by violence is studied in more detail. The questions have been asked to all persons, therefore the share of persons are presented. The CSES results on differences according to sex, different type of violence, repeated violence, relation to the offender and reporting behavior will be in focus. Note that the results only includes violence that caused injury.
• Statistics on persons victimized by violence have been produced from
CSES are as follows:
– Victim of violence that caused injury by sex
– Victim of violence that caused injury, that needed medical care by sex
– Violent events by type of violence
– Violent events by type of violence and sex
– Repeated victimization of violence that caused injury by sex
– Victim of violence that caused injury, by relation to the perpetrator, by sex
– Victim of violence that caused injury, and reporting by sex
– Reported violence by sex and by geographical domain
– Reported violent events by sex
Note: Now NIS has been conducting CSES 2010
Report on victimization 2007

For Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS 2000/2005) some questions on domestic violence have been asked to each woman personally. In the CDHS 2005, for instance, the domestic violence module was implemented in the subsample of households which consisted of one-fourth of the households selected. The following set of questions had been used to measure spousal violence:
1. Does/did your (last) husband evera. Push you, shake you, or throw something at you?
b. Slap you or twist your arm? c. Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you?
d. Kick you or drag you?
e. Try to strangle you or burn you?
f. Threaten you with a knife, gun or other type of weapon?
g. Attack you with a knife, gun or other type of weapon?
h. Physically force you to have sexual intercourse even when you did not want to?
i. Force you to perform other types of sexual acts you did not want to?

• A similar approach was used to measure the prevalence of emotional violence. Women was asked the following questions:
2. Does/did your (last) husband evera. Say or do something to humiliate you in front of others?
b. Threaten you or someone close to you with harm? c. Swear at you?
• In addition to spousal violence, the CDHS 2005 asked women whether they had experienced violence at the hands of anyone other than their current or (last) husband using the question:
- From time you were 15 years old has anyone other than your
(current/last) husband hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to hurt you physically?
- Women who responded yes to this question were asked about the person(s) who had done this and the frequency of such violence during the 12 months preceding the survey.
• Similar questions were used to measure violence during pregnancy and violence by women against their husbands.
• New questions on sexual violence also added to the CDHS 2005
• Note: Now NIS has been conducting CDHS 2010.

• Statistics on domestic violence have been produced from CDSH are as follows:
– Women’s experiences of violence since age 15 and recent violence in the 12 months preceding the survey.
– Violence during pregnancy
– Marital control
– Interspousal violence
– Experiences of forced sex at sexual initiation
– Help-seeking behavior by women who have experienced violence
Report on CDHS 2005

Other sources on domestic violence:
• In 2005, a nation-wise baseline survey was conducted to gain insight into the attitudes towards, as well as occurrence of, domestic violence in
Cambodia. The EWMI, UNIFEM, and the GTZ PWR projects, incooperation with the MoWA, initiated a baseline study in 2005 to gather a broad spectrum of data to help assess the situation and formulate effective solutions. The final study report contains the analysis of the findings of the 2009 follow-up.
• In 2009, the follow-up survey was conducted. The follow-up survey sample is representative of the Cambodian population aged 15 years and over, which constitutes the survey's main Target Group (TG 1). The minimum suggested sample size for TG 1 was 3,000 (as it was in the baseline survey), with a total of 3,040 respondents making up the final sample. Two additional samples of interviewees were required for the study: at least 150 police representatives (TG 2) and at least 150 representatives of the Local Authorities (LAs) (TG 3). Together, these samples actually totaled 311 people. These two smaller target groups were included to cover the need for specific information about attitudes and behavior of law enforcement agencies and their knowledge of the law.

• Funding for this research study was provided by the following international organizations:
– German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
– United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
– United Nations Development Program (UNDP) under the Partnership for Gender Equity
(UNDP/MoWA/PGE)
– United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM)
– Australian Agency for International Development
(AusAID)

• Research Findings
– Physical Abuse
– Emotional Abuse
– Rape & Rape in Marriage
– Seeking Help
– Local Authorities & Police
– Cambodians & Their rights
Report on violence against women from 2009 follow-up survey

Cambodian Gender protectors particularly the Ministry of
Women’s Affairs playing an important role to develop the local demand in the region responds to the gender protection refer to
3rd MDG urged to eliminate the violence against women, domestic violence, rape, and prostitution so as to fulfill the 3 levels as following:
1. Fundamental law enforcement and legal widespread on gender protection development.
2. Measures taken on prevention of the domestic violence, body rape, and human trafficking together with prevention activity planning, in campus academic program innovation include this gender, commune-level program on domestic violence protection, and formation of education in mass media.

3. Reintegration of socio-economic and concession rehabilitation on livelihood to solve problems.
- Expert training on Literacy, Health and Social Affairs in order to consult the victims that have just been started in Cambodia should be further strengthened.
- Regards the victim services recently, the interferences depend on the community to reintegrate the victims from trafficking into the communities, the former sex worker training and other inferences access to the mere pilot proceeding; the majority from the Non
Government Organization.

• In 1993 constitution clearly reflects the principle of gender equality.
• Cambodia signatory to several international agreements including the Convention on
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW).
• Restrictive national law on human trafficking which is one of many other sectors on Gender.

• Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Cambodian National
Council for Women.
• Network of gender focal points in a number of
Ministries, and projects/programs.
• Women representatives in commune/village development committees.
• NGOs and Civil Society networks.