ESA/STAT/AC.161/Cj.1
Review of papers on Crime and
Justice Statistics
Country papers-: Italy and Ireland
Jogeswar Dash
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India

• Crime is an area of increasing concern all over the world.
• Criminals adopt new techniques and methodologies, new networks that transcend national boundaries
• Unleashing of the forces of globalization and advent of cyber space has added new dimension to crime, extremist violence and organized crime

• Data / statistics should be capable of providing inputs for policy and strategies to tackle new and emerging forms of crimes
• Special efforts to be channelized towards protection of the vulnerable and weaker sections of the societies- women and children

Administrative statistics( police, courts, jails etc) and sample surveys.
Real criminality: whole crime set in a specific time and place regardless of police reporting or inquiries or final sentence
Reported criminality: Administrative data
Hidden Criminality:Not reported and unknown(may be known also) to social control agencies. Can be estimated through sample surveys

• the term domestic crime referred includes crime against women and girls by an intimate partner and by family members irrespective of crime committed within or beyond boundaries of the home.
• crime that occurs within the family or within the home
• tolerated in many contexts and goes unnoticed.
• only a small number of crime committed against women are covered under legal provisions .
• despite the universal awareness of the problem, there is little rigorous data to establish prevalence and to monitor trends

• victimization survey and violence against women survey– Italy
• 70 % hidden criminality, 7% of rape cases are reported
• Categories of Crime: against house holds, moral, against property, against state, social institutions, public order, economy, public faith, organized crime

• New Statistics to monitor political needs and social changes: Bank card cloning, internet theft and fraud, harassment at work places
• UNECE-UNODC task force is preparing a manual on victimization survey
• EUROSTAT is testing a European module with a core set of Questions.

• CSO produces Recorded Crime Statistics based on Administrative data , quarterly and annually
• CSO conducts Crime and Victimization surveys as a module in LF survey- over 50 questions at household level and individual level (sexual assaults & domestic violence are not included)

• New classification introduced in April 2008
• Has 3 levels of coding, 16 offence groups and over 200 criminal incident types
• Uses Social rather than Legal model of crime
• Data can be provided at 2, 3 or 4 levels

• Primary offence Rule: Where two or more criminal offences are disclosed in a single episode it nis the primary offence that is counted
• One offence counts per victim: one offence conts per victim involved with exceptions of cheque/ credit card fraud and burglary
• A continuous series of offences against the same victim involving the same offender counts as one offence

• Irish Curt Service: statistics relating to courts system based on administrative records
• Irish Prison Service: Statistics Relating to prisons
• Directorate of Public prosecutions:
• National Crime council And Rape Crisis Centres :
Crime and Justice statistics and related Research findings.

• ISTAT takes care of the quality of Statistics produced by Ministry of Justice and Ministry of
Interior. The issue is how the quality is judged by
ISTAT- This may be a common issue for Most of the Countries
• UNSD may take up a new work of harmonization, guidelines, designing of frame work for crime statistics, indicators needed, crimes to be studied etc.

• Sample survey: what should be the FRAME
• Whether sample space excludes the
Administrative Record crimes ?
• What should be counted – Crimes or
Criminals?

• Accidental deaths, Suicides are factors for premature end to life. Data relating to parameters like causative factors, age group of the victims are useful to understand the problems
• Disposal of Crime: Criminal justice system to be geared to meet the situation. Statistics relating to justice system: Number of courts, judges, disposal rates, pending cases etc.

• Prison Statistics: Concept of prison is undergoing change and rights of prisoners are in focus today. Prison is not a place punishment, but for reforms, rehabilitation.
• Prison population
• Occupancy rate/ over crowding
• Convicts and under-trials,
• Women in jail etc.

• Crime is a behavioral, emotional, psychological, physical or sexual abuse that one person uses in order to control another.
•
Various kinds of crimes against women recordable under law are
– eve-teasing, molestation,
– bigamy, fraudulent marriage,
– adultery and enticement of married women,
– abduction and kidnapping,
– rape, harassment to women at working place,
– wife beating, dowry death,
– female child abuse and abuse of elderly female

• To identify the key problem use additional data sources such as socio-economic background
• study the different stages of life where abuse takes place and its implications.
– childhood
• a girl may be the target of sex-selective abortion,
• enforced malnutrition,
• lack of access to medical care and education,
• bonded labour,
• early marriage, and forced prostitution.

– Adult life
• raped and even murdered at the hands of intimate partners.
• forced pregnancy,
• abortion,
• harmful practices such as sati (the burning of a widow on the funeral pyre of her husband),
• killings in the name of honour,
• dowry-related crime.
• psychological abuse