I.
Latin 3-4 Subjunctive
In Independent Clauses (main clauses)
A. Volitive - uses present subjunctive. Negate by using ne.
1. Hortatory - for first person only.
Eamus. - Let's go. May we go.
2. Jussive - for second and third persons.
Laborent. Let them work. May they work.
B. Deliberative - use present or imperfect.
Quid faciam?
Quid facerem?
C. Optative - usually introduced by utinam (Would that...)
Negate by using ne.
1. Use present subjunctive when the wish is possible.
Ne veniat.
2. Use imperfect as a regret that something is not so now.
3. Use pluperfect as regret that something was not so in
the past. Utinam res publica stetisset.
II. In Dependent Clauses - use the subjunctive sequence.
A. Purpose Clauses.
1. Purpose Clause.
Use ut or ne.
Veniunt ut pacem faciant.
2. Relative Purpose. Introduce by a relative pronoun instead of ut
when there is a definite antecedent.
Legatos miserunt qui dicerent.
They sent soldiers to speak.
3. Purpose Clause with quo. Purposes clauses containing a comparative
degree are introduced by quo instead of ut.
Castra muniverunt quo facilius hostium impetus sustinerent.
They fortified the camp so that they might sustain the attack
of the enemy more easily.
4. Indirect Commands = Substantive (Noun) Purpose Clause.
Use after: impero, mando, persuadeo + dative
hortor, moneo, rogo + accusative
oro, peto, postulo, quaero + ablative
Orgetorix Helvetiis persuasit ut fines relinquerent.
B. Result Clauses.
1. Result Clause. Introduced by ut or ut non.
Main clause contains a word such as tam,ita, tantus, or tot.
Tanta erat caedes ut pauci effugerent.
2. Substantive (noun) Clause of Result.
Usually after accido(it happens that...) or efficio
Accidit ut luna esset plena.
Latin 3-4 Subjunctive
C. Clauses with Verbs of Fearing. After vereor or timeo.
Ne =that (you want it to happen).
Ut = that not(you do not want it to happen).
Vereor ut hoc intellegi possit. I fear this is not able to be
understood.
Timeo ne veniat. I fear that he may not come.
D. Indirect Questions. The dependent clause is introduced by
an interrogative pronoun or adverb or num (whether).
Dic mihi ubi fueris et quid feceris.
Nescio quid faciam.
Quaero utrum verum an falsum sit.
E. Clauses of Doubting. After negative expressions of
doubting (non dubito, non dubium est) or interrogative
expressions, the dependent clause is introduced by quin.
Quis dubitat quin in virtute divitiae sint?
Who doubts that in courage there are riches?
Non dubium erat quin venturus esset.
There was no doubt that he was going to come.
F. Verbs of Hindering and Preventing. Impedio, deterreo, and
retineo mean hinder or prevent.
a).The introductory word is ne or quominus when the main verb is
affirmative.
b).The introductory word is quin or quominus when the main verb is
negative.
Non deterret quin maneam. He does not prevent me from staying.
G. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statements.
These clauses, when they are restrictive clauses, take the
subjunctive and follow the sequence of tense rule.
Audio milites ducem cum crudelissimus sit timere.
I hear that the soldiers fear the leader when he is very
cruel.
H. Relative Clause of Characteristic (or Description).
solus est qui= he is the only one who...
nemo est qui = there is no one who
sunt qui = there are those who
est qui = there is one who
The verb is subjunctive because it is speculation about
existence of the person.
Nemo erat qui hominem amaret.
There was no one who liked the man.
Temporal (Time) Clauses
I. Ut (as), cum primum (as soon as),simul atque (as soon as),
and simul ac (as sson as), and postquam (after) take the indicative.
Postquam venit dux, urbs capta est.
II. A. Dum, meaning "while," usually takes the present indicative
Latin 3-4 Subjunctive
although the main clause is past tense.
Dum hae res aguntur, urbs ardebat.
B. Dum and donec, meaning "until," take the subjunctive when
anticipation is involved.
Mansi dum veniret.
I remained until he might come.
III.A. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative when the time
limit is a fact.
Antequam abeo, dicam pauca. Before I go, I shall say a few words.
B. Antequam and priusquam take the subjunctive when the action is
anticipated.
Urbem capit priusquam rex veniat.
He is capturing the city before the king may come.
IV.
A. Cum temporal uses the indicative to designate a specific
point in time.
B. Cum circumstantial (when) takes the subjunctive.
C. Cum causal (since) takes the subjunctive.
D. Cum concessive (although) takes the subjunctive.Usually has tamen.
Conditional ("IF") Sentences
I. Simple conditional sentences have the same tense of the
indicative in both the subordinate (protasis) and main (apodosis) clauses.
II. Should...would (Future Less Vivid) sentences have the present
(or perfect) subjunctive in both clauses.
Si hoc dicas,erres. If you should say this, you would be wrong.
Si hic veniat, sim laetissima.
If he should come, I would be very happy.
III. Contrary-to-Fact has two aspects:
a. Imperfect subjunctive in both clauses indicates that it is not possible
in the present.
If I were president, I would lower taxes.
Si id crederes, errares. If you believed that, you would be wrong.
b. Pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses indicates that it is
not possible in the past.
If I had been president, I would have lowered taxes.
Si id credidisses, erravisses.
If you had believed that,you would have been wrong.