System of
Environmental and Economic Accounting
for Energy
SEEA-E
Chapter 7
Presentation and Use of Energy Accounts
United Nations Statistics Division
DESA
April
2011
ii
Table of Contents
Chapter 7 Presentation and use of energy accounts ........................................................... 4
A.
B.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
Energy and its contribution to national income and wealth .............................................. 6
1. Output and value added from energy industries .................................................................................. 6
2. Operating surplus of energy industries and the role of depletion ................................................. 9
3. Energy, energy taxes and the government budget ............................................................................. 13
4. Energy and foreign trade ........................................................................................................................... 14
5. Wealth ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
C. Monitoring the development in energy supply and use ..................................................... 18
1. Overall supply and use of energy ........................................................................................................... 18
2. Use of energy and expenditures by industries and households .................................................. 20
3. Degree of energy self-sufficiency ........................................................................................................... 25
4. Energy use by purpose .............................................................................................................................. 25
D. The role of renewable energy and waste ............................................................................... 27
E. Analysis of economic growth and energy use ...................................................................... 29
1. Decoupling of energy use and economic growth ............................................................................ 29
2. Factors behind the development in energy use ................................................................................ 32
F. Consumption, production chains, imports and energy use ............................................... 33
1. Energy use caused by final use of products ....................................................................................... 33
2. Domestic and global energy use caused by household consumption ...................................... 35
G. Energy use and air emissions ................................................................................................... 37
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 37
2. Use of energy accounts for estimation of emissions ....................................................................... 38
3. Analysis of energy related emissions based on the energy accounts ....................................... 41
H. Summarising the development - Indicator systems ........................................................... 41
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Chapter 7 Presentation and use of energy accounts
A.
Introduction
7.1.
The focus in this chapter is on giving examples of how main aggregates as well as selected
detailed information from the accounts can be presented or used as the basis for analysis of the
interaction between economic activities and energy in order to shed light on the distinct and
indispensable role that energy plays in the society as the basis of all activities, which take place.
7.2.
It is not the purpose to give an exhaustive presentation of all possible uses and applications
of the energy accounts. For that purpose, reference is made to the many reports and articles, which
deals with analysis of energy issues. A selection of these can be found in the UNSD searchable
archive(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/ceea/archive/Introduction.asp).
7.3.
It should be noted that manytypes of analysis of energy issues, including the establishment
of indicator system, are generally based on energy statistics and energy balances per tradition and
due to the widespread availability of these types of statistics.
7.4.
Often, the same or similar kind of analysis can be carried out on the basis of information
from the energy accounts. In many cases, it does not matter whether the starting point is the energy
statistics, the balances or the accounts, since the basic information and the concepts are the same.
In other cases, each of these statistical systems has their advantages or disadvantages depending on
what exactly is the purpose of the analysis. For instance, the energy statistics and the balances are
often more appropriate to use when it comes to analysis focusing on specific energy technologies,
while the accounts have their advantages, for instance, when it comes to comparing the physical
information with information on the economic activities or to show specific monetary information
related to energy issues.
7.5.
The presentation of energy related information in this chapter includes to a large extent
features, which are specific for the energy accounts, for instance, monetary information,
information on industries, coherent comparison of physical and monetary data, use of input-output
modelling, etc. Less emphasis has been on presentation of information and indicators, which can
also be derived from general energy statistics and energy balances, but as mentioned generally
such information could also be presented on the basis of the energy accounts.
7.6.
For all the figures and tables presented in this chapter a few remarks is given on the
interpretation of the figure both in general terms and more specifically on what the figure tells
about the actual development or structure of the economy. The latter is included in order to show
the kind of information and conclusions, which actually can be derived from the accounts.
7.7.
All figures and tables are supplied with a “source”, which acts as a reference to tables in
the previous chapters, which include the type of information, or part of it, which is being
presented. It should be noted, however, that in some cases further elaboration of the data have been
carried out, and that most of the information in this chapter is oriented towards time series in
contrast to the previous chapters, which generally only presents information for one year.
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7.8.
Section B presents overall information on energy and its contribution national income and
wealth. It describes in monetary terms the output, gross value added and operating surplus of the
energy industries, including those which extract energy resources and those which otherwise
produce and distribute energy products, e.g. refined energy products, electricity, gas and heat. The
role of depletion of energy resources is described and depletion-adjusted macro-aggregates are
presented. Section B includes also information on to which extent government obtains revenues
related to energy resource extraction, production and use for instance through rent and energy tax
payments. Data on imports and exports and a trade balance for energy products are presented.
Finally, wealth aspects are illustrated through graphs, which show the contribution of energy
resources to national wealth, and the development in the value and physical quantities of energy
resource stocks. Finally, the (non-) sustainability of current extraction is illustrated by the so-called
R/P measure, which puts current extraction in proportion the energy resource stocks.
7.9.
Section C shows how information from the energy accounts can be used to monitor the
development in energy supply and use both for the total economy and for individual industries and
the households. It starts with graphs, which shows the physical supply and use of energy broken
down by components such as primary energy production, imports, and uses by households,
industries and exports. The use is further subdivided by energy products and industries according
to the ISIC classification measured both at physical and monetary units. Further, the expenditures
are shown as per cent of total costs for industries and households. A measure of the selfsufficiency, i.e. to which extent does the country relies on imports of energy products is also
shown. Finally, Section C shows for which purpose energy is used by households and industries,
i.e. is it used for transport, heating or other purposes.
7.10. Section D presents details on the use of renewable energy and waste and clarifies how
much of the total use of energy is covered by renewables and waste.
7.11. Section E analyses the energy use in relation to economic growth and the efficiencies of
industries. One major question, which is being analysed, is to what extent a decoupling between
economic growth and energy is taking place. Related to that, the developments of energy
intensities for various groups of industries are presented, and results from so-called decomposition
analysis are shown. The results illustrate which factors, which have determined the development,
for instance, how much influence economic growth and changes in energy intensities have had.
7.12. Section F goes on with analysis of energy use along the production chains, which
ultimately leads to the final use of products. First it is shown how total energy use of a country is
related to the main final use categories of the economy including private consumption, government
consumption, accumulation and exports. Then, the scope is enlarged for the households
consumption by including also the energy uses in the production chains activated abroad by the
imports to the country. Thereby a picture of the total global energy use caused by the domestic
activities is drawn up.
7.13. Section G deals with energy related air emissions. One important use of the physical use
table for energy is the calculation of air emissions, and the first part of this section describes how
accounts for energy related emissions may be set up. The second part presents results from
modelling based on the energy accounts and the emission accounts. The results show which factors
that underlie the development in energy related emissions.
7.14. The last section, Section G, gives a short introduction to how energy accounts also can
form the basis for energy indicators, and the section presents a number of energy indicators, which
immediately may be produced on the basis of the accounts and corresponding information from the
national accounts.
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B.
Energy and its contribution to national income and wealth
7.15. In this section we take a macroeconomic view. It presents overall information on energy
and its contribution to national income and wealth. It describes in monetary terms the output, gross
value added and operating surplus of the energy industries, including those which extract energy
resources and those which otherwise produce and distribute energy products, e.g. refined energy
products, electricity, gas and heat. The role of depletion of energy resources is described and
depletion-adjusted macro-aggregates are presented. This section includes also information on to
which extent government obtains revenues related to energy resource extraction, production and
use for instance through rent and energy tax payments. Data on imports and exports and a trade
balance for energy products are presented. Finally, wealth aspects are illustrated through graphs,
which show the contribution of energy resources to national wealth, and the development in the
value and physical quantities of energy resource stocks. Finally, the (non-) sustainability of current
extraction is illustrated by the so-called R/P measure, which puts current extraction in proportion
the energy resource stocks.
1. Output and value added from energy industries
7.16. Figure 7.1 shows output measured at constant prices (chained values) from energy
industries over time.
7.17. The extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas increased in the beginning of the period,
but has in recent years been decreasing. Despite the decrease the extraction of crude petroleum and
natural gas contributes with the biggest output of all energy industries. The other energy industries
show a more even development over time.
Figure 7.1 The development of output from energy industries
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.18. Table 7.1 presents main aggregates related to the production activities of industries
including the energy industries. In the bottom of the table the share of the energy industries in
relation to all industries is presented for output, intermediate consumption, gross value added,
consumption of fixed capital and net value added.
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7.19. It is seen that the energy industries accounts for 5 per cent of all output and 4 per cent of
industries’ intermediate consumption. For gross and net value added the energy industries
contribute a little less than 6 per cent of the totals for all industries.
7.20. Within the groups of energy industries it is the extraction of the energy resources, which
generates the largest value added, see Figure 7.2. The share of intermediate consumption in
relation to the output is much smaller for the mining industry, since the resource itself contributes
considerable to the value of output. This is related to the so-called resource rent, i.e. the
contribution to the output by the resource itself and the depletion, i.e. the decrease in the value of
the resource due to the extraction, cf. below.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Table7.1Energy related industries’ share of output and value added, etc. 2006
Output
ISIC
A
B
B. 05
B. 06
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Mining of coal and lignite
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
Other mining and quarrying
C
Manufacturing
C. 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
Other manufacturing
D
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
D. 351 Electric power generation, etc.
D. 352 Manufacture of gas; distribution, etc.
D. 353 Steam and air conditioning supply
E
Water supply; etc.
F
Construction
G
Wholesale and retail trade; etc.
H
Transportation and storage
I-U
Other service industries
Total industries
Energy related industries total (B.05, B.06, C.19, D)
Intermediate
consumption
65
65
47
7
60
5
611
28
583
57
24
20
14
3
215
334
351
1 221
7
2 923
Gross value
added
Consumption
of fixed capital
1000 currency units
18
59
Net value
addded
13
5
5
54
5
415
27
388
29
12
13
5
2
136
145
206
554
54
5
196
1
195
28
12
7
9
1
79
189
174
667
31
1
30
10
4
2
3
1
6
16
25
151
49
5
165
0
165
18
8
5
6
0
73
173
149
516
1 541
1 411
257
1 154
145
63
83
16
67
5.0
4.1
5.9
6.0
5.8
Energy related industries, per cent of total industries
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
Figure 7.2 Energy related industries’ net value added, 1000 currency units
Value added by energy industries and other indiustries
Value added by energy industries
67
6
8
Extraction of crude
petroleum and natural gas
5
Other industries
Energy related industries
Manufacture of coke and
refined petroleum
products
Electric power generation,
etc.
0
1 087
49
Manufacture of gas;
distribution, etc.
Steam and air
conditioning supply
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
2. Operating surplus of energy industries and the role of depletion
7.21. Figure 7.3 presents the operating surplus of the energy industries. The operating surplus is
calculated from the value added by subtracting the compensation of employees and other taxes less
subsidies paid by the industries.
Figure 7.3Grossoperating surplus of the energy industries and its components, 1000
currency units
60
Consump on of fixed capital
50
1000 currency units
Deple on of energy resources
40
Deple on adjusted opera ng surplus, net
( = net opera ng surplus for non-extrac ng industries)
30
20
Net opera ng surplus
10
0
Extrac on of crude
petroleum and
natural gas
Manufacture of coke
and refined petroleum
products
Electric power
genera on, etc.
Manufacture
of gas;
distribu on, etc.
Steam and
air condi oning
supply
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.22. As for value added, it is the mining industry, which accounts for the main part of the gross
and net operating surplus. However it is seen that if the depletion is taken into account by
subtracting it from the net operating surplus in line with how the consumption of fixed capital is
subtracted, then the role of the mining is considerable less and the difference between the mining
industry and the other energy industries are much less pronounced.
7.23. We find that the effect of the depletion on net operating surplus is much higher than the
effect from the consumption of fixed capital. However, this is something, which is specific for the
mining and quarrying industry. For all other industries no adjustment take place.
Figure 7.4 presents the overall effect on operating surplus of taking the depletion of energy
resources into accounts. The two curves presents net operating surplus and depletion adjuste d
operating surplus. The distance between them corresponds to the depletion. It is seen that the
effect of taking depletion into account corresponds to a downward adjustment of the operating
surplus by approximately 30,000 currency units to a level of 200,000 currency units in 2007.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.4 Net and depletion adjusted operating surplus
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.24. Figure 7.5 shows the role of depletion in relation to gross and net operating surplus at
different levels of the economy: total economy, energy industries and the mining industry. The
total of the stacked areas at 100 per cent represents the gross operating surplus. This operating
surplus is decomposed into consumption of fixed capital, depletion of energy resources and a net
operating surplus.
7.25. The bottom part of figure 7.5 shows the relative shares for the mining industry, i.e.
extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas. It shows that during the period an increasing share is
attributed to the depletion of crude petroleum and natural gas. At the end of the period the
depletion corresponds to almost two third of the gross operating surplus. The increase in the share
of depletion reflects partly an increase in the physical quantities of energy resources being
extracted, but it reflects also that, by convention, the estimate of depletion is influenced by the
value of the total stock of energy resources. An energy stock with a high value leads to lower
values attributed to the depletion, while energy stocks with a low value leads to higher values
attributed to the depletion. Therefore, if the extraction of energy resources is not offset by new
discoveries, etc. the depletion increases over time reflecting an increasing scarcity of the energy
resource.
7.26. Related to this, and also reflected in figure 7.5, is that the share of depletion may vary quite
a lot from one year to the next, although the physical extraction does not necessarily vary much. In
some years the depletion may even be zero or negative. This is again explained by the convention
that the total value of the energy resources influences the estimate of the depletion.Consequently,
large increases in the stock of the energy resources due to new discoveries and revaluations of the
quantities may lead to drastic downward changes in the estimate of the depletion even if the
extraction of resources is at the same level when measured in physical quantities.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.27. In the example the relative role of consumption of fixed capital is decreasing over time.
This may, among other things, be due to an increase in productivity leading to more energy
resources being extracted by the same input of fixed capital. In addition, an increase in the oil and
natural gas prices relative to the prices on fixed assets used for the extraction will lead to a
decreasing share for the consumption of fixed capital.
7.28. When the depletion and the consumption of fixed capital is subtracted from the gross
operating surplus the depletion adjusted operating surplus is obtained.As can be seen, the share of
adjusted operating surplus varies quite much over time reflecting the volatile nature of the
depletion estimate especially at current prices. This points at the importance of establishing time
series for depletion and the depletion adjusted operating surplus, and the danger of drawing up to
firm conclusion based on only accounts for a single year.
7.29. The middle part of figure 7.5 presents the corresponding shares for the energy industries
taken together, while the upper part presents the picture for the total economy. Since the depletion
does only apply to the mining and quarrying industries, the role of the depletion is becoming less
pronounced when more industries are included in the analysis. However, as can be seen in the
upper part of the figure, although the depletion constitute one a few per cent of the gross operating
surplus at the end of the period, it increasingly diminishes the share of operating surplus left over
after the costs of using fixed and natural capital is charged for.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.5 Operating surplus and the role of depletion
Per cent of gross opera ng surplus
Total Economy
100%
90%
80%
Consump on of fixed
capital
70%
60%
50%
Deple on
40%
30%
Deple on adjusted
opera ng surplus
20%
10%
0%
90
93
96
99
03
06
All energy industries
Per cent of gross opera ng surplus
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Consump on of fixed
capital
50%
Deple on
40%
Deple on adjusted
opera ng surplus
30%
20%
10%
0%
90
93
96
99
03
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
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3. Energy, energy taxes and the government budget
Extraction of energy and the appropriation of resource rent by government
7.30. As already mentioned in relation to Figure 7.3, the resource rents make up a considerable
part of the value added of the Extraction of crude oil and natural gasindustry. This is also shown
in Figure 7.6, which in addition include information on how much of the resource rent is being
appropriated through payments of rents to the owner of the energy resources, in this case the
government, and through payments of taxes to the government.
7.31. The share of resource rent in value added was relatively low in the first years when the
extraction was low but it gets higher once the extraction is increasing. Similarly, the share of rent
payments and taxes was low in the beginning of the period when the extraction started, while in
recent years the share has remained high. However, it is also clear that in this case the
appropriation of the resource rent does not make up a constant share of neither value added nor the
resource rent. Other factors seem to influence the payments of rents and taxes.
Figure 7.6 Value added, resource rent and payments of rent and taxes to the government
Extrac on of crude oil and natural gas
60
1000 Currenvy units
50
40
30
20
10
0
90
91
92
Gross value added
93
94
95
96
Ressource rent
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Rent payments and taxes related to extrac on of energy resources
Included as taxes are specific taxes and taxes on incomes and wealth, etc. Excluded are non-specific taxes on production.
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
Total taxes paid in relation to extraction, production and use of energy
7.32. Figure 7.7 shows the total revenue from all taxes and rent payments to government
including rent payments and taxes on production, income and wealth with a breakdown on
payments related to extraction of energy resources, other energy related taxes and non-energy
related taxes.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.33. In recent years the energy related taxes has made up approximately 10 per cent of the total
government revenue. Of this half comes from payments related to the extraction of energy
resources and half from other energy related taxes, including taxes on CO2 emissions. Thus, while
energy taxes play an important role, it is, however, only a minor part of the total government
budget, which is being financed by the energy related taxes.
Figure 7.7Breakdown of total taxes (total economy) by energy related and non-energy
related taxes
600
500
1000 Currency units
400
300
200
100
0
90
91
92
93
Non-energy related taxes
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Rent payments and taxes related to extrac on of energy resources
04
05
06
07
08
Other energy related taxes
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
4. Energy and foreign trade
7.34. Unprocessed crude oil is the most important energy product being exported, while
processed oil in the form of fuel oil is the most important energy product for imports, cf. Table 7.2.
In monetary units there is almost a balance for these two products. Altogether the imports and
exports end up with a trade balance surplus in recent years.
7.35. This trade surplus for energy products is made possible through the extraction of crude oil
and natural gas. From Figure 7.8 it is seen that the trade surplus occurred for the first time in 1999
and that it was increasing until 2004, when it gradually began to fall. By comparing with Figure
7.1, which shows the output of the extraction industry it is obvious that there is a close connection
between the extraction activities and the trade balance surplus for energy products.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Table 7.2 Imports and exports of energy products, 2006
Imports
Exports
Trade balance
1000 Currency units
Crude oil
8
32
24
Natural gas
0
9
9
Electricity
2
4
3
Gasoline and diesel
7
8
1
Others
6
5
-1
Coal
3
0
-3
Fuel oil
33
10
-23
Total, energy products
59
69
10
520
538
18
11
13
53
All products
Energy products share of all products, per cent
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
Figure 7.8 Trade balance for energy products
14
12
10
1000 Currency units
8
6
4
2
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
-2
-4
-6
-8
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
15
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
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5. Wealth
7.36. The value of natural resources comprises only one component of the total value of the
assets belonging to a country. Other components are human capital, land and other natural
resources and fixed assets in the form buildings, machinery and equipment. These assets contribute
to the wealth of a country.
7.37. Leaving aside the value of human capital, the market values of man-made and natural
capital are presented in Figure 7.9.
7.38. In this case we find that the fixed assets (buildings, machineries and equipment, etc.)
without comparison make up the biggest part of the value of the assets. Although the energy
resources are important for the economy (the trade balance, for instance) they only contribute little
to the total wealth when measured as the value of the assets. Land and other natural assets is the
second most important group.
7.39. It should be noted that the value of the energy resources is increasing over time, although
in physical terms the energy resources have been in place throughout the period. However, even
though the resources have been in place they have not acquired a market value before exploration
and evaluation activities have been carried out. Further, increases in oil prices have affected the
value of the resources, and when the oil price increases more than the general price level, the value
of the assets will also tend to increase relatively to the value of other assets.
Figure 7.9Contribution to national wealth by fixed assets, energy resources, land and other
natural resources
3 000
1000 Currency units
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
90
91
92
Energy resources
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Land and other natural resources
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
16
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Buildings, machinery and equipment, etc.
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7.40. Figure 7.10 illustrates how the value of the energy resources have developed compared to
the physical quantities. The value index is calculated from the current price value deflated by the
GDP deflator, and therefore the changes in the index is influenced by the fact that the energy prices
have developed differently than the general price level. Besides those price related changes also
changes due to new discoveries, etc. influence the index.
7.41. The physical stock of oil resources increased by 15 per cent over the period as a whole. In
contrast, the physical stock of natural decreased substantially by almost 40 percent. The GDP
deflated value was almost 8 times higher in the end of the period than in the beginning of the
period.
7.42. To further shed light on the size of the energy resources Figure 7.11 presents the so-called
R/P proportion for oil and natural gas resources. It represents the number ofyears of extraction left
before the energy resources have been fully worked out contingent on current levels of stocks and
extractions. It is seen that for natural gas 50 years of extraction was left at the beginning of the
period, while a little more than 10 years is left at the end of the period. This decrease is due to the
gradual exhaustionof the natural gas deposits and the increasing level of extraction. For oil, the R/P
proportion decreased from 25 years to a little more than 10 years at the end of the period. It is
worth noting that despite a high level of extraction in all years, the R/P proportion remains fairly
constant above 10 years since 2000. This stabilization of the R/P proportion is often seen, and is
partly a result of increased exploration and evaluation activities, which brings new deposits into
the picture as other deposits are being exhausted.
200
900
180
800
160
700
140
600
120
500
100
400
80
300
60
40
200
20
100
0
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Value of crude oil and natural gas
Natural gas, billion cubic metres
Crude oil, Million cubic metres
Note: The value of the stock of energy resources has been deflated by the GDP deflator
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
17
Value index (1990 = 100)
Quan ty index (19990 = 100)
Figure 7.10 Quantity and value index for the development of the stock of energy resources
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.11Years of extraction left with current levels of stocks and extractions
60
50
Years
40
30
20
10
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
R/P Crude oil
R/P Natural gas
Note: The R/P relationship is estimated as the quantities energy resources (Class A Economic resources, cf. Chapter 3) divided by
the current extraction of energy resources. (R denotes Reserves and P the Production).
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
C.
Monitoring the development in energy supply and use
7.43. This section shows how information from the energy accounts can be used to monitor the
development in energy supply and use both for the total economy and for individual industries and
the households. It starts with graphs, which shows the physical supply and use of energy broken
down by components such as primary energy production, imports, and uses by households,
industries and exports. The use of energy is further subdivided into energy products and industries
according to the ISIC classification measured both at physical and monetary units. The
expenditures are shown as per cent of total costs for industries and households. A measure of the
self-sufficiency, i.e. to which extent does the country relies on imports of energy products is also
shown. Finally, this section presents graphs, which illustrates for which purposes energy are used
in households and by industries, i.e. whether is it used for transport, heating or other purposes.
1. Overall supply and use of energy
7.44. The total quantities of energy entering a country during a year can be measured as the sum
of the production of primary energy and the imports of energy products. Measuring the supply in
this way avoids problems of double counting, which occurs when, for instance, both the production
of crude oil and the production of refined oil products are included.
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Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.45. Figure 7.12 shows how the supply has been influenced by an overall increase in both
extraction of fossil energy resources and production of renewable energy. In recent years the
extraction of energy resources has eased off to some degree. The imports have generally increased
and despite a drop in recent years due to the economic crisis, the level is almost double the level in
the beginning of the period. Imports constitute more than half of the total supply of energy.
Figure 7.12 Total primary supply and imports of energy
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
Figure 7.13End use of energy incl. losses
3000
2500
Petajoule
2000
1500
1000
500
0
90
92
94
96
Households
98
00
Industries incl. losses
Note: Industries’ consumption of energy includes also changes in inventories
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
19
02
Exports
04
06
08
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.46. The use of energy is presented in Figure 7.13. The total use corresponds exactly to the total
primary production and imports shown in Figure 7.12. The use is allocated to industries,
households and exports. In doing this, the conversion and distribution losses have been allocated to
the users of energy according to their end use.
7.47. Corresponding to the large and increasing imports we find that the exports show a similar
magnitude and development. The use of energy by households makes up a small part of the total
use, only 10 per cent of total use including exports at the end of the period. The use by industries
is more than three times as big as the use by households. The sudden drop in industries’ energy use
and exports should be seen in the light of the decrease in economic activities at the end of the
period.
2. Use of energy and expenditures by industries and households
7.48. Figure 7.14 shows for households and each industry group how much energy is being used
and how different energy products make it up. The measurement unit is petajoule. Figure 7.15
shows the corresponding expenditures in currency units.
7.49. It should be noted that Figure 7.14 includes some double counting of energy, since both
primary and secondary energy products are included, but this is consistent with the recording of the
monetary flows.
7.50. It is seen, for instance, that the share of household expenditures for energy is much larger
than their share of the physical use.
Figure 7.14 Physical use of energy by industries and households, 2006
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
20
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.15 Expenditures for energy by industries and households, 2006
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.51. Figure 7.16 presents for the main industry groups, the share of expenditures for energy of
the total expenditures for intermediate consumption for the same groups.
7.52. Similarly, Figure 7.17 gives the share of households’ expenditures for energy of the total
expenditures for household consumption.
7.53. For industries we see generally a moderate increase in the share with a sharp fall in the end
of the period due to price drops. For households the share has been rather constant in the period.
7.54. Due to taxes on energy products the purchasers’ prices paid by the households are
relatively larger compared to the purchasers’ prices paid by the industries. Since many energy
product taxes are fixed taxes per litre or tonnes energy products, the effect of changes in basic
prices has a relative smaller effect on households than on industries.
7.55. Figure 7.18 shows the share of energy use (petajoule), expenditures (purchasers prices) and
energy taxes for main industry groups and for households. From these graphs it is also clear that
the share of total expenditures paid by households is much higher than the share of physical use of
energy by households, and that this is due to energy taxes charged to households and to a much
lesser extent to industries. The households use 10-15per cent of the energy, but pays more than 60
per cent of the energy taxes. However at the same time it is seen that the industries’ share of the
energy taxes and the energy expenditures have actually gone up in recent years.
Figure 7.19 presents the development in energy use by main industry groups. It is obvious that
most industries have had an almost constant energy use throughout the period. A remarkable
exception is the transport services, which have realised a sharp increase in energy use, and more
specifically the use of oil products, i.e. diesel and gasoline.
21
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7. 16 Share of energy costs in intermediate consumption
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
Figure 7. 17 Share of energy costs in households’ total consumption expenditures
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
22
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7. 18 Shares for energy use, expenditures and taxes
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
23
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.19Development in energy use by main user groups
Households
Petajoule
800
600
400
200
0
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
1. Coal, coke, gas work gas and peat
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Electricity
5. Heat
6. Renewable fuels and waste
08
Manufacturing
Petajoule
800
600
400
200
0
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
1. Coal, coke, gas work gas and peat
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Electricity
5. Heat
6. Renewable fuels and waste
08
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
24
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
3. Degree of energy self-sufficiency
7.56. A high degree of independence of imports of energy is generally a priority area for
countries. To illustrate the degree of independence of import or self-sufficiency Figure 7.20 shows
the relation between the primary energy production and the domestic end use inclusive of
conversion and distribution losses.
7.57. Figure 7.20 shows that the degree of self-sufficiency increased fromless than 50 per cent in
the beginning of the period to more than 100 per cent in the middle of the period. After some years
with full self-sufficiency the reliance of import have again increased in recent year. This
development has a close connection with the pattern of extraction of energy resources presented in
previous sections.
Figure 7.20Degree of energy self-sufficiency
140
120
Per cent
100
80
60
40
20
0
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
08
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
4. Energy use by purpose
7.58. Energy is used for different purposes: Transport, heating and processes, etc. Figure 7.21
shows the distribution of energy by purpose for the main user groups.
7.59. Transport has a high share for all user groups, especially the transport service industry and
agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The share of heating is especially large for households and for
agriculture, forestry and fisheries. For manufacturing the energy use for processing, etc. makes up
40 per cent of total energy use.
7.60. For the economy as a whole the share of energy used for transport were approximately one
third and the use for processes including energy used for conversion was 43 per cent.
25
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.21 Energy by purpose for selected industry groups and households
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
26
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
D.
The role of renewable energy and waste
7.61. Renewable energy is high on the policy agenda in many countries, and therefore it is
important to monitor the development in the production and use of renewable energy and to assess
the share of renewable energy of the total energy supply and use. This section presents details on
the use of renewable energy and waste and clarifies how much of the total use of energy is covered
by renewables and waste.
7.62. Figure 7.22 shows the development in the supply (production and imports) of various types
of renewable energy, and the share of renewables of the total primary production and imports of
energy products.
7.63. Especially the production of wind energy and the imports of renewable energy products
have been increasing, but also the production if fuel wood and biodegradable waste used for energy
production have been increasing. Altogether the share of renewables has increased from 4 per cent
to close to 7 per cent of the total supply during the period.
Figure 7.22Supply of renewable energy and share of total primary energy production and
imports
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.64. Renewable energy is used both by households and industries. Figure 7.23 presents the use
by households, by the manufacturing industry and by the electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply industry.
27
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.65. The households use of fuel wood increased drastically during the period, but despite of this
the share of renewable energy was reduced by half from 2 per cent to 1 per cent of the total energy
use by households.
7.66. For the manufacturing industries the share was constant over the period as a whole, but this
covers over a drop in the share in the beginning of the century.
7.67. The electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply industry increased its use of
renewable energy considerable from 10 per cent to 30 per cent of its total energy use. It should be
noted that part of this increase is due to an increase in the production of wind power, which is
recorded as an use (and subsequent production) of this industry.
Figure 7.23Use of renewable energy by main users and share of total energy use
Households
2.5
40
2
Petajoule
35
30
1.5
25
20
1
15
10
0.5
5
0
Per cent of total energy use
45
Biogasses
Straw
Fuel wood and wood
waste
Renewables, share of
total energy use
0
'90'92'94'96'98'00'02'04'06'08
7
1.4
6
1.2
5
1
4
0.8
3
0.6
2
0.4
1
0.2
0
0
'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08
28
Per cent of total energy use
Petajoule
Manufacturing
Biogasses and other
renewables
Wood waste
Renewables share of
total energy use
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
E.
Analysis of economic growth and energy use
7.68. This section analyses the energy use in relation to economic growth and the efficiencies
of industries. One important question, which is being analysed, is to what extent a decoupling
between economic growth and energy is taking place. Related to that the developments of energy
intensities for various groups of industries are presented, and results from so-called
decomposition analysis are shown. The results illustrate which factors, which have determined
the development, for instance, how much influence economic growth and changes in energy
intensities have had.
1. Decoupling of energy use and economic growth
7.69. Since the use of renewable energy is limited and the price of renewable energy is
generally higher than fossil energy, decoupling of energy use and economic growth is generally
seen as a necessity to ensure a sustainable development.
7.70. The extent to which such a decoupling takes place can be illustrated by comparing the
development of GDP with the development of domestic use of energy as in Figure 7.25.
7.71. In this examplewe find that no decoupling has taken place. In fact, there has been a
parallel development in GDP and energy use in most years during the period. At the end of the
period we find first a much bigger increase in energy use and then a steep decrease until the
energy use ends up with a growth over the period, which have been a little bigger than the overall
growth in GDP.
29
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.24 Economic growth and domestic use of energy
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.72. Figure 7.25 sums up the development of economic activity and energy use for selected
industries by presenting energy intensities. The energy intensities are calculated as the relation
between energy use and value added.
7.73. The first graph shows the development for industries with relative low intensities. The
industries are manufacturing, construction and service industries. Especially manufacturing shows
decreasing intensities, which indicates that they use energy more efficiently or that they
increasingly uses converted energy instead of converting the energy themselves. For construction
and services we see that the energy intensities now lie at a constant low level after a decrease in the
beginning of the period.
7.74. The second graph shows the energy intensities of transport services and agriculture, etc.
Both industries have high intensities. While the intensities for agriculture have decreased slightly
during the period, the opposite is the case for transport services. In contrast, we see a sharp rise
followed by a decrease at the end of the period.
30
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.25 Energy intensities for selected industries
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
7.75. Figure 7.26 puts energy use by manufacturing industries in relation to the number of
persons employed by the same industries. The energy use per person varies considerable between
the manufacturing industries. Further, it can be seen that there has not been a decoupling between
31
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
energy use and employment for the period as such. This is connected to an increased productivity
measured as value added per person. However, in periods we observe a fall in the energy use per
person, for instance at the end of the period. This can be interpreted as a result of a productivity
fall during the crisis, which have curbed the production activities and the energy use, but not the
employment to the same degree.
Figure 7.26 Use of energy per person employed in selected manufacturing industries
Source: SEEA-E Table X.X
2. Factors behind the development in energy use
7.76. In order to shed light on the factors behind the development in energy use so-called
structural decomposition analysis based on input-output modelling can be applied. Structural
decomposition analysis is a well-established method and reference can be made to a large number
of articles of reports describing the method and presenting results (e.g. <references>).
7.77. Figure 7.27 presents the results of such an analysis. The black curve shows thetotal change
in actual energy use by industries excluding the transportation services (the transportation services
have been excluded here because they show a pattern which is much different from the other
industries). Over the period the actual energy use increased by more than 100 petajoules. The other
curves show how the development in actual energy use can be explained by the increase in the
growth of final use/demand (i.e. private and government consumption, exports, gross fixed capital
formation, etc.), the composition of the final demand, the industry structure and the energy
intensities of the industries.
7.78. The interpretation of the steep increasing curve for final demand is that if all other factors
(energy intensities of the industries, composition of final demand, etc.) had been the same during
the period then the use of energy would have increased by more than 800 petajoules instead of the
100 petajoule.
7.79. However the otherfactors pulled energy use down. Most noteworthy is the effect from
reduced energy intensity in industries, i.e. their use of energy per unit of output. This factor alone
pulled energy use down by close to 400 petajoules. Changes in the composition of final demand
32
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
(i.e. which products were demanded) and the industry structure (i.e. how did the industries interact)
both contributed to reduced emissions at a little less than 200 petajoules each.
7.80. It should be noted that this analysis, and others based on input-output modelling, cover a
shorter period than many of the other time series in this chapter. This is due to the fact that that
input-out put tables are normally published with a larger time lag than other statistics.
Figure 7.27The change in industries 1) energy use and the factors behind the change
1000
800
Growth of final demand
Petajoule
600
400
Total change in energy
use
200
Structure of final demand
0
Industry structure
-200
Energy intensity
-400
-600
'90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06
1)
Excluding transportation services
Source: Based on SEEA-E Table X.X and input-output modelling
F.
Consumption, production chains, imports and energy use
7.81. This section extends the analysis of energy use along the production chains, which
ultimately leads to the final use of products. First it is shown how total energy use of a country is
related to the main final use categories of the economy including private consumption, government
consumption, accumulation and exports. Then, the scope is enlarged for the households
consumption by including also the energy uses in the production chains activated abroad by the
imports to the country. Thereby a picture of the total global energy use caused by the domestic
consumption is drawn up.
1. Energy use caused by final use of products
7.82. Increasingly, in relation to sustainable production and consumption policies, there is focus
on the fact that resource use and environmental pressures can be seen from the perspective of the
final use and consumption of products. The rationale is that any kind of final use initiates a
production chain including domestic and foreign activities. Therefore, the resource uses and the
33
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
environmental pressures, which occur at the production level, can in fact be seen as being caused
by the final use, which have initiated the production chain.
7.83. The allocations of energy use by final use categories or specific products used can be done
by the application of input-output analysis.
7.84. Figure 7.28 shows the results of an input-output model based allocation of the total
domestic energy use to the overall final use categories, which lies behind the production and
corresponding energy use in all industries.
7.85. The figure shows that the steep increase in energy use between 1990 and 2007 was mainly
related to an increase in export activities. In contrast the private and government consumption and
the gross fixed capital formation, etc. caused almost the same energy use in industries in 2007 as in
1990. It is also worth noting that it is the export activities, which lies behind most of the energy use
by industries.
7.86. Figure 7.29 shows the same analysis but now broken down by industry groups. The figure
clearly shows that the activities and energy use of the different industries are prompted by different
final use categories
7.87. Exports are behind the energy use of agriculture, etc., manufacturing, and transport
services, and it is the increase in exports of transport services that lies behind much of the increase
in energy use.
7.88. Private consumption is the main factor behind the energy use in the energy supply
industries, wholesale and retail trade industries and the finance and business activities.
7.89. Finally, gross fixed capital formation and government consumption are the driversof
energy use in the construction industry and public and personal services industry, respectively.
However for the latter the private consumption is not without significance.
Figure 7.28Industries’energy use by causing final use categories
Source: Based on SEEA-E Table X.X and input-output modelling
34
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Figure 7.29Energy use of industry groups by causing final use categories
Note: the scales of the y-axis of the different figures are not the same.
Source: Based on SEEA-E Table X.X and input-output modelling
2. Domestic and global energy use caused by household consumption
7.90. For each of the final use categories it is possible to analyse the energy use in the production
chains further by distinguishing between the final uses of different products. As an example of such
analysis Figure 7.30 presents results for the household consumption. The upper part of the figure shows
how much energy is used directly and indirectlywhen one currency unit is spend on the product by
35
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
households. In the example hot water and steam, etc. is the most energy intense of the energy products,
while gasoline and diesel, etc. is the least energy intensive. It should be noted that the intensities are
calculated from purchasers’ prices, which means that energy taxes are included. Therefore, products,
which are heavily taxed appears to have lower energy intensity per unit of currency.
7.91. For other types of products it is clear that food is the most energy intensive product group
followed by beverages and tobacco, furnishing and clothing, etc.
7.92. The blue bars illustrate the energy used domestically, while the red bars illustrate energy used
in the production processes both domestically and abroad. The latter production processes are those that
are activated abroad from the imports of both products used directly by the households and products
used for intermediate consumption by the industries in the production chain.
7.93. For energy products the difference between embedded domestic energy use and global energy
use is not big in this example case since most energy products used by households are produced
domestically by the use of energy extracted domestically.
7.94. For other products there are a considerable difference between the domestic and the global
emissions. Generally, the global energy intensities are two times bigger than the domestic intensities.
This reflects partly that many of the products used by households have been imported, partly that the
industries in the production chain also uses imported products, which require energy use abroad.
Figure 7.30 The domestic and global energy intensities of private consumption
36
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Note. The scales on the x-axis of the two figures are different
Source: Based on SEEA-E Table X.X and input-output modelling
G.
Energy use and air emissions
1. Introduction
7.95. This section deals with energy related air emissions. One important use of the physical use table
for energy is the calculation of air emissions, and the first part of this section describes how accounts
for energy related emissions might be set up. The second part presents results from modelling based on
the energy accounts and the emission accounts. The results show which factors that underlie the
development in energy related emissions.
7.96. Energy related air emissions contribute to the main part of most types of air-emissions because
almost all economic activities are connected to the combustion of energy. Combustion processes take
place in many production and consumption activities, such as heating of houses and buildings,
production of electricity, various industrial processes and transportation.
7.97. The SEEA-E energy accounts may be used as the basis for the establishment of accounts of
energy-related air-emissions. Such emissions accounts is then compatible with the SEEA and the
SEEA-E physical flow accounts, and, more generally, with the National Accounts principles with
regard to the definition and classification of economic activities.
7.98. The term ‘Air Emissions Accounts’ is distinguished from the term ‘emission inventories’. The
latter is commonly used when referring to data on greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of air
pollutants assembled following certain formats as agreed upon under international conventions (e.g.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC and the Convention on Long
Range Transboundary Air Pollution, CLRTAP). Emission inventories are rather technology-oriented
37
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
and may serve as the appropriate data basis for technology oriented questions and analyses. In contrast,
air emissions accounts are economically oriented and assign air emissions to those economic entities
that actually are carrying out the activities from which the air emissions are originating. Air emis sions
accounts are developed to answer more economically oriented questions and analyses. Both
information systems – emission inventories and air emissions accounts – complement each other.
(Eurostat, 20091, p.9).
7.99. The presentation of energy related air emission accounts in this section is developed in
continuation and accordance with Chapter 5 of SEEA-E on the physical flow accounts on energy.
2. Use of energy accounts for estimation of emissions
Table 7.30 shows a detailed supply table for CO 2 emissions. Similar tables are relevant for all types
of air emissions originating primarily or to a significant degree to the use of energy, and they can be
established in the same way as the account for CO 2 emissions.
Generally, the emission accounts for energy related emissions can be established on the basis of the energy use
table (Table 5.6) by multiplying the energy use recorded in the energy use table by a technical emission factor
expressing the emission per unit of energy use. Formally it can be expressed by:
Emissions (E) = Energy use (EU) x Emission Factor (EF)
It should be noted that in practice, it is necessary to carry out the estimations at a more detailed level detailed
level than presented in Table 5.6 and 7.30 in order to ensure that the emission factors are representative for the
activity and the energy use in question. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between all energy products, which
have different emission factors, and for other air emissions types than CO2it may also be appropriate to make a
breakdown by types of technologies within industries if the choice of technologies influences the amount of air
emissions per unit of energy used. In Manual for Air Emissions Accounts2 published by Eurostat, more
information can be found on how air emission accounts can be established on the basis of energy accounts.
7.100. The table presents the quantities of CO 2 emissions generated by the use of the various types of
energy. Thus, the items in the leading column of table 7.30 correspond to those items in the energy use
table (Table 5.6), which are of interest in relation to air emissions. The items in Table 5.6, which
represent extraction of energy resources are not relevant for the air emissions accounts, and are not
included in Table 7.30.
7.101. In order to underline the correspondence to the energy use table, the detailed breakdown,
identifying those industries, which usually are major users of energy, and thus usually also major
emitters of CO2, are presented specifically.
7.102. The air emissions data related to energy use are allocated to the economic activities in
consistency with how the energy use is recorded. In other words, if for a specific unit (industries and
households) use of energy for combustion is recorded, then the corresponding emissions are attributed
to the unit in question.
7.103. It follows that the use of certain types of converted energy does not lead to recording of
emissions. This is the case, for instance, for the use of electricity and heat by industries and
1
Manual for Air Emissions Accounts.Methodologies and working papers, Eurostat, 2009.
Manual for Air Emissions Accounts. Theme: Environment and energy. Methodologies and working papers.
Eurostat, 2009
2
38
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
households. Instead emissions are recorded for the electricity and heat producers’ use of e.g. coal and
oil for the production of the electricity and the heat. Since the main part of the production often takes
place within ISIC D Electricity, gas steam and air conditioning supply, this is w here the main part of
these emissions is normally recorded. Other parts of these emissions are recorded for other industries,
to the extent that combustion of energy products for electricity and heat generation takes place there
for own use or for sale.
7.104. Emissions related to the use of gasoline and diesel, etc. for transport are similarly attributed to
the units carrying out the transport activities. Thus, only parts of the emissions are allocated to ISIC H
Transportation and storage, while other parts are attributed to the households and industries, which use
the petrol and diesel, etc. For households, the transport related emissions include the use of energy for
private cars. Energy use and emissions caused by public transport are attributed to ISIC H.
7.105. In order to complete the picture of the CO2 emissions, the non-energy related CO2 emissions
are presented in the table in the bottom of the table. These non-energy related emissions has to included
based on additional information, for instance, from the emission inventories made up in relation to for
instance the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC.
39
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Table 7.30 Supply table for CO 2 emissions based on the SEEA-E energy use table
Consumption
Capital
Industries by ISIC
A
F
G
H
I-U
ROW
Total supply
A-U
6. Emissions by non-residents on
national territory
5. Cross boundary inflows from the
ROW by air currents
4. Total supply of air emissions by
residents
3. Emissions from equipment,
durables, landfills, etc.
2. Total Consumption
Other consumption
Own account transport
of which residents in the rest of the
world
1. Total industries
Other Industries
Transportation and storage
Wholesale and retail trade; etc.
Construction
Steam and air
Manufacture of gas;
conditioning supply
Electric power generation, etc.
Water supply; etc.
of which
D.
D. 351 352 D. 353
distribution, etc.
Manufacture of basic
chemicals
refined petroleum products
Manufacture of coke and
Mining of coal and lignite
Electricity, gas steam and air
conditioning supply
B.
06
E
D
of which
C.
C. 19 2011
Manufacturing
B.
05
C
Extraction of crude petroleum
and natural gas
Mining and quarrying
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B
of which
Total residents
7. Supplied
by residents
and RoW
(=1.-6.)
1000 tonnes
Energy related emissions
1. Coal, coke, gas work gas and peat
a) Coal, coke and peat
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
203
203
14
14
1 693
1 693
b) Gas work gas
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
3. Natural Gas
Use of products received from other units
Re-injection
O wn use, etc.
4. Electricity
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
5. Heat
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
6. Renewable fuels and waste
a) Solid biomass and wastes
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
b) Liquid biofuels and biogas
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
Energy related emissions, total
2 039
2 039
149
149
1
1
115
115
1 728
125
1 603
1 603
1 603
263
263
9
9
5 265
5 265
2 693
2 583
110
2 211
2 211
1
1
930
930
110
2
2
1
1
1 263
1 263
978
978
5
5
280
280
1
1
4 705
4 705
2 664
2 664
29
29
2 013
2 013
6 636
2 944
3 692
126
14
25
1 900
2 645
59
59
59
59
23 441
23 441
23 441
23 441
1
1
3
3
24
24
24
24
27
27
27
27
58 056
57 946
110
9 475
7 872
5 950 2 504
5 950 2 504
8 454
8 454
1 606
1 606
1 606
1 606
66 510
66 400
110
11 081
9 478
1 406
1 406
1 130
1 130
48 160
48 160
1 214
1 214
21
21
236
236
26
26
433
433
1 604
7 008
425
425
1 465
2 324
2 029
8 473
2 355
1 493
862
87
4 282
1 452
2 830
39
85
7 389
3 613
3 692
165
126
87
931
2
34 202
22 290
34
11 879
2
1 427
1 367
48 186
1 733
98 471
931
2
34 202
22 290
34
11 879
2
1 427
1 367
48 186
1 733
100 360
14
2 645
2
2
23 382
23 382
43 509
43 509
1 603
396
396
25
Non-energy related emissions, total
Total air emissions
16 207
16 207
1
1
Use of products received from other units
O wn use, etc.
2. Oil
21 472
21 472
39
40
10 780
3 613
3 692
165
3 391
10 780
3 613
3 692
165
5 950 7 584
13 534
112 004
5 950 7 584
13 534
113 894
1 890
Source: Calculation based on SEEA-E Table X.X and technical emission coefficients (at detailed level)
1 603
165
43 509
66 610
66 500
110
11 081
9 478
1 603
3 391
165
100
100
165
100
112 104
100
113 994
1 890
1 890
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
3. Analysis of energy related emissions based on the energy accounts
7.106. Once the emissions accounts have been set up based on the energy accounts it is possible to
extend the analysis presented in Section E.2 (Figure 7.27) above to deal with the factors underlying the
development of the energy related emissions. Figure 7.31 presents the results of such analysis.
7.107. The black curve presents the change in CO 2 emissions since 1990, and the other curves the
underlying factors: Growth of final demand, structure of final demand, industry structure, the energy
mix and the energy intensity.
7.108. In parallel to the case of energy use it can be seen that the growth would have increased CO 2
emissions considerable in the period if it hadn’t been for other factors dampening the total emissions. In
addition to the structural changes in both final demand and industries and the reduction in energy
intensities also a change in the energy mix have contributed to dampen the CO 2 emissions. Changes in
the energy mix means that industries and household increasingly are using other and less CO 2 intensive
energy products. Examples of such a change in energy mix are substitution of natural gas for coal and
substitution of fossil based electricity for wind energy.
Figure 7. 31 The change in industriesCO 2 emissions and the factors behind the change
50
40
1000 tonnes CO2
30
Growth of final demand
Total change in CO2 emissions
20
Structure of final demand
10
Industry structure
Energy mix
0
Energy intensity
-10
-20
'90
'92
'94
'96
'98
'00
'02
'04
'06
Source: Based on SEEA-E Table X.X and input-output modelling
H.
Summarising the development - Indicator systems
7.109. The SEEA-E Energy accounts can be used as basis for the establishment of energy indicator
systems.
7.110. Energy indicators are useful tools to summarize information and monitor trendsreflecting
various aspects of a country energy situation over time. The choice of the set of indicators compiled by
a country depends on the nationalcircumstances and priorities, sustainability and development criteria
and objectives, as well asdata availability. (IRES, 2011, 11.27-11.28). Often indicator systems focus on
the long-term trendsand they are often intended to show the overall development and the big picture.
41
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
7.111. Using SEEA-E as basis for an energy indicator system is instrumental in increasing the
transparency, quality, completeness and coherence of the energy indicators.The advantage of using
SEEA-E as a basis for an energyindicator systemis that all information on the energy is consistent and
coherent with information on economic activities from the national accounts, for instance the gross
domestic product, GDP.
7.112. It is not the aim of this section to present a comprehensive and complete energy indicator
system, but merely to flag that the SEEA-E energy accounts include much of the information, which
countries normally wish to present in relation to energy indicator systems.
7.113. Table 7.6 presents an example of energy indicators, which can be derived directly from the
SEEA-E accounts. The indicators are related to non-exclusive areas of broad areas of interest such as
energy use, decoupling, efficiencies, etc. In relation to indicator systems a grouping of the indicators
according to whether they reflect economic, social or environment issues are seen (see e.g. IRES, 2011,
11.29). However, table 7.6 uses broader categories in order to underline the diversity of the indicators,
which can be derived from SEEA-E and the national accounts.
7.114. Some of these indicators have already been presented in the previous sections of this chapter to
which reference is made for additional information and actual examples of howthe indicators can be
presented and used in practice
42
Presentation and use of SEEA-E
Table 7.6Examples of energy indicators, which can derived from SEEA-E
Area of interest !)
Main Indicators
Sub-indicators
Information obtained from SEEA-E
and national accounts, etc.
Energy use
Energy use
Energy use per capita
By industries/households and by products
Total domestic end use of energy including transformation
and distribution losses
Population
Decoupling and
Environment
Energy use per GDP (decopupling)
Share of renewable energy
CO2 emissions from energy use
Energy efficiencies
Trade and dependencies
Government budget
1)
Energy intensity/efficiencies
Efficiency of energy conversion and distribution
Direct and indirect energy use by consumption groups
Energy trade balance
Energy import dependency/self sufficiency
Inventories of energy products
Government revenues releted to energy
Energy taxes
Energy subsidies
Industries
Industries' energy costs, share of intermediate
consumption
Industries' energy costs, share of value added
Household and social issues
Share of energy energy costs in households' total
consumption expenditures
Direct energy use by purpose
Resources and wealth
Energy resource stock value, share of GDP
Reserves to production ratio (R/P)
Depeletion of energy resources, share of GDP
By industries/households,
By renewable/non-renewable energy
By industries
By consumption groups
By energy products
By energy product and tax type
By industries
Use of renewable energy
Energy related CO2 emissions
End use incl. losses
Losses of energy in transformation
Direct and indirect energy use by consumption groups
(production chain) - IO-based
Imorts and exports expenditures
Primary supply/end use incl. losses, imports in physical units
Inventories of energy products
Revenues from energy related rent payments, energy taxes
less subsidies, curent and capital transfers
Energy taxes, including CO2 taxes
Energy related subsidies
Households' total consumption expenditures and
expendiures for energy
Industries' expenditures for intermediate consumtion
Industries' value added
By type of energy ressource
These areas are not mutually exclusive
43
Commercial energy resources, physical stocks
Extraction of energy, physical
Opening stock value