We provide
Energy Balances, Energy Accounts and the world beyond
Wolfgang Bittermann
12th Meeting of the London City Group 17 – 19/12/2007
© STATISTICS AUSTRIA www.statistik.at
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The actual program
1.
Energy balances following the IEA/EUROSTAT methodology

Annually calculated since 1970 (1997)

Territory principle

All transformation processes

Transportation functionally defined

In physical and energetic units

Sectoral breakdown following IEA/EUROSTAT
2.
Energy accounts for NAMEAs
 Work will start 2008 (founded by EUROSTAT) and than annual calculation.
 Residence principle
 Transformation processes relevant only for main producers
 Secondary fuels only relevant if purchased

In physical, energetic and monetary units
 National account concepts but energy services excluded
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The world beyond
3. Bridge Tables between Energy Balances and
SNA as basis to calculate fully SNA compatible Energy Balances and Energy
Accounts
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The 4 fundamental questions
1.
Why we should do that exercise?
2.
How we could do it?
3.
What could be the results?
4.
Who should do it?
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Why?

To avoid confusion

To improve quality
 of primary data used
 of models used
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How?
1.
To identify the differences between the two balance frameworks
2.
To harmonize
1.
data sources (as far as possible)
2.
the balance structures,
3.
the fuel aggregation and
4.
the fuel quantities taken into account
3.
To convert the fuel aggregates derived from the EBs into monetary units and harmonize them with energy goods like they are used in the SNA
S T A T I S T I K A U S T R I A

The Differences 1
 Energy balances/accounts and I/O tables follow different balance schemes but
 different aggregates are named equally
 identical aggregates are integrated in different manner into the balance equations
 They have different fuel definitions because
 SNA includes energy services which are excluded from energy balances
 SNA definitions belongs to economic activities while EB definitions are linked with the chemical and physical world
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The Differences 2
 They include different quantities because
 SNA includes only purchased quantities while
EBs include all quantities used
 SNA excludes cost free fuel types while EBs include all fuels consumed
 They use different units so
 The world of EBs is “simple” by using 3 physical and one energetic unit only while SNA uses manifold prices including/excluding taxes, subsidies and related services
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Energy balances
Primary Production(PP)
+Imports
+/- Stock Changes
-Exports
=Gross inland
consumption=
Transform. input (TI)
-Transform. output (TO)
+Use of energy sector
+Non energy use
+Final energy use
The Balance Schemes
SNA
Production (PP + TO )
+Imports
=
Intermediate consumption
(TI+UES+FEU-PC)
+ Exports
+/-Stock changes
+Private consumption (PC)
S T A T I S T I K A U S T R I A

The Harmonization 1
 Step 1 is to bridge the sectoral breakdown of
EBs following the IEA/EUROSTAT/UNECE breakdown with the NACE 2digit level
 Step 2 is to convert EBs balance structure into
93 
NACE
(IP

01

TA)
IO structure

93 
NACE
(

01
CS
(P)

C S
(C)
OS
(P)
OS
(C)
)

I

99 
NACE
( TI

01

E SC

L

NEU

FEU )

FE ( 95 )

E
IP Indigenious production of primary fuels, TI Transformation input, ESC Energy sector consumption, L Losses, NEU Non energy use, FEU Final energy use, TO
Transformation output, I Imports, E Exports
 Step 3 is to identify the fuels and fuel quantities not taken into account in the SNA
 “cost free” fuels
 non purchased quantities
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The Harmonization 2
 Step 4 is to aggregate/separate EB fuels to SNA fuels
CPA 10: Coal and lignite; peat
CPA 11: Crude petroleum and natural gas
CPA 12: Uranium and thorium ores
CPA 23: Coke-refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
CPA 401: Electrical energy and electrical supply services
CPA 402: Gas (excluding natural gas, gas from crude petroleum and other gaseous hydrocarbons); supply services
CPA 403: District heating and services
S T A T I S T I K A U S T R I A

What? – 4 Table sets and their structure
Table set 1 is given in physical and energetic units includes all fuels of EB but follows the resident principle, excludes autoproducer transformation and are broken down by NACE 2 digit, as basis for
NAMEA Air (= Net Energy Accounts)
Table set 2 includes only fuels and quantities incorporated into I/O tables broken down by SNA sectors and is given in physical, energetic and monetary units
Table set 3 follows additionally the fuel aggregation of SNA and is given in energetic and monetary units
Table set 4 gives the energy flow in I/O format and in monetary units only, as basis for SNA calculation
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Who?
Methodology has to be developed by
Energy statisticians together with I/O experts by establishing bridge tables for the
4 years available (1999 – 2002) in which
SNA and EBs using (partially) the same data sources
The calculation of SNA-compatible energy balances in physical and monetary units have to be done by energy statisticians because the EB calculation is 3 – 5 years ahead the I/O calculation
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