InsertProgramme
Page Title hereof Action
The Global
• Preventing
the degradation
of the marine environment from
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Here
land based activities + physical alteration and destruction of
habitats.
• Links freshwater, coastal and marine environments.
• Global + regional + national approach.
• Non-binding agreement, adopted in 1995 by 108 States and the
European Commission.
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Title
The
Need
for
thehere
GPA
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80% of all
marine pollution
comes from
land-based
activities!
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Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas?
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The sustainable use of coastal and ocean resources is
linked to public health, food security, and economic and
social benefits, including cultural values and traditional
livelihoods.
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Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas?
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• Nearly half of the global population resides in coastal
areas
• 2/3rd of the world’s cities are
coastal
• Goods and services provided
by marine coastal ecosystems
are worth US $ 13 trillion per annum, which equals
to half of the annual global GDP
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Contribution of Coastal Resources
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in Global GDP
Estuaries
12%
Terrestrial
38%
Coastal
38%
Seagrass/
algae beds
11%
Coral reefs 1%
Open ocean
25%
Shelf
13%
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The Core of the GPA
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• GPA is a source of conceptual and practical guidance,
• specifies action required at national level, and advocates
regional and international cooperation,
• recommends approaches by source category:
Sewage
Heavy Metals
Litter
Nutrients
POP’s
Sediment mobilisation
Radioactive
substances
Oils
(hydrocarbons)
Physical alteration &
destruction of
habitats
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GPA Programmes
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• National Programmes of Action (NPA)
• Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater (SAP)
• Physical Alterations and Destruction of Habitats
(PADH)
• Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management
(ICARM)
• Innovative Financing
Overall Focus: “from Planning to Action”
Implementation through NPAs and the UNEP Regional Seas Programme:
18 Regional Seas, covering 140 countries +++ binding conventions +++
Second Intergovernmental
Review
of the
Global Programme of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land-Based
Sources of Pollution
Beijing, 16-20 October 2006
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Reporting to IGR-2
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The State of the Coastal & Marine Environment
Trends and Processes
A global analysis describing progress in addressing the GPA
source categories, based on a number of regional workshops,
DSPIR
using existing global assessments, like GESAMP, GEO, GIWA,
WWDR, GMA, etc., also regional/national reports and literature
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Observations
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-
scattered data
no consistent monitoring networks at regional level
no adequate time series
many project level initiatives,
often having diverging objectives and/or indicators
- monitoring as part of a management cyclus
various scales in space and time, aggregation levels
- not all data are acknowledged by national government
Need for harmonisation !
domestic wastewater discharges
nutrients
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Information needs MWW <> GPA
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- Sewage is a primary source category polluting coastal waters
as listed in the GPA & as identified by most Regional Seas
- Various Regional Seas have protocols addressing MWW,
and need to report accordingly
- MWW is regarded a dimension of MDG - target 10 on W&S,
and is being reported in the JMP on W&S
However
-Connection & treatment are often reported as national data, not RS
-RS focal point & ministries are often not the same as those for W&S
-Difficult to disaggregate nationally reported data, both for coastal
regions and river basins
-Alternative technologies often not included (e.g. ecological sanitation)
Wastewater in UNEP/Regional Seas
% wastewater reaching fresh / coastal waters untreated
89 85 83
80
100
80
60
40
20
60
53
86
50
10 14
SE
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SP
NW
P
CA
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PE EP
RS
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SA
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W AF
AC
AF
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0
Addressing
Water and Sanitation
is not restricted
to ‘taps and toilets’
Collection, treatment, re-use and re-allocation to the
environment are important aspects to consider
Improved Sanitation: Status in 2002
58% coverage, 2.6 bn people without access
Sanitation coverage, 2002
Percentage of population
using improved sanitation
Less than 50%
50 - 75%
76 - 90%
91 - 100%
missing data
Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target:
Mid-term Assessment of Progress
WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004
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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients
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- Discharges of untreated sewage are supposed to affect
Human Health, Biodiversity & Ecosystem functioning, economic
Sectors e.g. fisheries, tourism,… in coastal waters & oceans
> assessments of impacts attributable to sewage
> economic valuation of goods & services
- Growing awareness of importance of nutrients (incl. sewage,
agriculture, sediments, dust, natural run off, atmospheric dep.)
> regional differentiation in management approaches
> no global policy mechanism addressing nutrients
-There are extensive reporting mechanisms on nutrients (N,P),
Mainly load based data, based on national emissions per sector,
pathway modeling, and, to a lesser extent coupled with water
quality models
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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients
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However:
-Such data are of poor quality in many developing countries
if they at all exist
-Emission reduction scenario’s are often in-country oriented,
sometimes river basin oriented, but often not taking into
account: trans-boundary cumulative effects,
coastal regions characteristics (100 km, <50 m)
aggregating at the level of regional seas
- Example Baltic Sea
ecologically limiting factors
- P/N ratio’s, and Si; Fe
resilience, nutrient scarce systems
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the
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Content Here
new UNEP/GPA
Coordination Office Website
www.gpa.unep.org