November, 2013 Mijeong Lee, Ph.D. Korean Women's Development Institute “Violence against women and girls is one of the most systematic and widespread human rights violations. It is rooted in gendered social structure rather than individual and random act (UN General Assembly, 2006). “VAW is any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women (General Assembly Resolution 48/104 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993). Violence against women should be understood in the context of human rights and women NGOS challenged traditional views on women and violence against women. Wife battering and child beating had been regarded as a way to discipline women and children by male household head in patriarchal society. A woman has been expected to be obedient to her father and her husband in traditional Confucian culture. Sexual purity of a woman is strongly emphasized in patriarchal society. If she fails to keep it, her social reputation is severely damaged under Confucian rules. Most women sexually assaulted has tended to keep it to themselves in patriarchal society, which consequently put them under the firm control of men. The notion of sexual purity is reflected in Criminal Code of Korea until 1995 where rape is defined as a criminal behavior violating sexual purity of women. Sexually assaulted women have hard time to bring it out. These women are blamed for it and often their morality and behaviors are suspected. Under patriarchal traditions rooted in Confucianism, Korean society has been relatively tolerant of husband’s violence toward wife. As in UK, the United States and Australia, the fight against violence on women was initiated by women’s groups in Korea. Korea Women’s Hot Line was formed and it started to provide counseling service for battered women in 1983. Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center was formed in 1991, the first rape crisis center in Korea. They have challenged traditional views on sexual violence(Shin, 2007). Women’s organizations regard domestic violence as an issue stemming from gender inequality within a patriarchal society Women NGOs urged to define rape and wife battering as crimes severely restricting autonomy and liberty of women. Act on Punishing Sexual Violence Crimes and Protecting Victims was introduced in 1993 as the result of cooperative efforts of women NGOs. Act on Punishing and Act on Preventing Domestic Violence were introduced in 1997. Law enforcement agencies could intervene domestic violence within households based on it. Legal grounds were build to support counseling centers and shelters for the victims of VAW. Vigorous efforts of women NGOs to fight against VAW have resulted in institutionalization of helping the victims (Park, 2008). Establishment of these Acts is a historic event officially challenging patriarchal rule and authority in Korean society. Awareness was raised that domestic violence is a crime and abusers can be punished. Acts on Domestic Violence function as a pressure to the abusers. The Acts on VAW stipulate that central and local governments must take measures to prevent domestic violence and protect victims. Surveys on domestic and sexual violence are required to be conducted every three years by government. Local and central governments are responsible for protecting and supporting the victims of VAW. Government budgets have been provided for NGOs running counseling centers and shelters. With the government budget, it becomes possible to secure stable resources and provide universal service for for the victims(Kim, 2000). Centers and shelters for the victims have recently increased. As of 2012, there are 17 hotlines with emergency shelters, 405 counseling centers for victims of sexual assault and domestic violence, 84 shelters, 26 shelters for migrant women, 7 hotlines for migrant women. Additionally, 31 one-stop crisis centers are established where all relevant services are colocated. Separate surveys on domestic and sexual violence are conducted every 3 years and Ministry of Gender Equality and Family is in charge of. Survey on domestic violence conducted in 2004, 2007, 2010. 2004 - Gallup Korea 2007 - Korea Institute of Health and Social Welfare 2010 - Yonsei University Survey on sexual violence was conducted in 2007, 2010. 2007 - Korea Institute of Health and Social Welfare 2010 - Yonsei University In 2013, KWDI is conducting both surveys on domestic violence and sexual violence. 2010 Domestic Violence Survey Ever-married women and men aged 19 to under 65 Total cases : 2,659/ Women 1,984/ Men 675 2010 Sexual Violence Survey Women and men aged 19 and over Total cases : 2,200/ Women 1,583/ Men 617 200 sampling units are stratified in proportion to 16 metropolitan provinces, which are based on enumeration districts of 2005 Korea census. 19 households are selected per each sampling unit in DV survey and 11 households in SV survey. Two interviewers as a team visit each household and interview the household member whose birthday is the earliest in the year. Questionnaire is completed either by interviewer or respondent. 2010 Domestic Violence Survey Perception on gender role and violence Experience of being abused during childhood Awareness of act, policy and related services on DV Detailed actions of physical, emotional, economic, sexual violence/ first occurrence/ frequency Emotional and physical injuries from DV Response to domestic violence Personal and demographic information 2010 Sexual Violence Survey Perception on sexuality and sexual violence Awareness of act, policy and related services on SV Questions on sexual molestation, attempted rape, rape, sexual harassment, stalking/ ever occurred/ frequency/ number of predators/ first occurrence/ occurrence during the last year/ relationship with predator Emotional and physical injuries from SV Response to sexual violence Personal and demographic information Demographic Characteristics of Respondents (Unit: Person. %) Classification Sex Male Female Aged 19-34 Age Aged 35-49 Aged 50-64 Marital Status Education Married Widowed Divorced/separated No response High school and less Junior college and over No response Total % Cases 675 1,984 349 1,356 956 2,413 90 125 31 1,500 1,025 134 2,659 25.4 74.6 13.0 51.0 36.0 90.8 3.4 4.7 1.1 56.4 38.5 5.1 100.0 Source: Kim, et al. (2010), 「2010 Domestic Violence Survey of Korea」, p. 90, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Incidence Rate of Spousal Abuse during the last year (Unit: %, Person) Occurrence rate of spousal abuse1) Occurrence rate of spousal abuse2) Light abuse Physical Serious abuse abuse (light + serious) abuse Types Emotional abuse of abuse Economic abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Controlment % Number estimated 65.6 Female respondents Male respondents % Number estimated % Number estimated 15,047,906 57.1 7,769,857 50.7 4,731,423 53.8 12,134,246 44.3 6,029,354 34.0 3,175,979 16.3 3,745,599 14.6 1,986,898 6.9 645,813 3.3 741,201 3.3 452,902 1.9 180,708 16.7 3,819,802 15.3 2,082,189 7.0 654,441 42.8 9,813,551 33.6 4,568,047 24.5 2,289,133 10.1 2,304,079 7.6 1,028,363 4.4 414,269 10.4 2,382,554 9.3 1,262,862 4.7 442,063 30.5 6,994,181 23.4 3,179,967 18.5 1,724,778 48.8 11,183,068 38.8 5,285,686 37.5 3,497,614 Source: Kim, et al. (2010), 「2010 Domestic Violence Survey of Korea」, p. 104, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: 1)Including physical, emotional, economic, sexual, abuse, neglect andcontrolment 2)Not including controlment Incidence Rate of Spousal Abuse during the Last Year (Unit: %. Person) Physical abuse Occurrence rate of spousal abuse Light abuse Serious abuse 2010 53.8 16.3 3.3 16.7 42.8 2007 40.3 11.1 4.8 11.6 2004 44.6 15.2 4.8 15.7 (light + Emotional Economic abuse abuse serious) abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Cases 10.1 10.4 30.5 (2,423) 33.1 4.1 10.5 19.6 (6,561) 42.1 - 7.1 - (5,916) Source: Kim, et al. (2010), 「2010 Domestic Violence Survey of Korea」, p. 105, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: Physical, emotional, economic, sexualabuseandneglect are includedin 2007and 2010. In 2004,economic abuseandneglect are not included. Incidence Rate of Spousal Abuse during the Last Year by Wives’ (Unit: %, Person) Characteristics Physical abuse Aged 19-34 Age Aged 35-49 Aged 50-64 Education High school and less Junior college and over Less than 2 mil won Income Employment status 2 mil to under 4 mil won 4 mil won and over Employed Unemployed Light abuse Serious abuse 14.6 14.1 15.4 15.1 12.9 16.0 14.0 13.8 15.9 13.8 1.5 3.5 3.8 4.6 1.4 5.8 2.5 1.3 3.2 3.4 (light + serious) abuse 14.6 14.9 16.2 16.0 13.2 17.4 14.6 13.8 16.7 14.5 Cases (293) (1,040) (651) (1,154) (734) (613) (912) (423) (797) (1,174) Source: Kim et al. (2010), 「2010 Domestic Violence Survey of Korea」, p. 114, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: Percentage based onweighted analysis Demographic characteristics of Respondents (Unit: %, Person) Classification Sex Age Education Cases % Male Female Total Aged 19-34 Aged 35-49 Aged 50-64 65 and over No response Total 617 1,583 2,200 566 824 512 297 1 2,200 28.0 72.0 100.0 25.7 37.5 23.3 13.5 0.0 100.0 Middle school and under 428 19.5 High school Junior college College and over No response Total 734 266 635 137 2,200 33.4 12.1 28.9 6.1 100.0 Source: Kim, et al. (2010), 「2010 Sexual Violence Survey of Korea」, p.122, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Incidence Rate of Sexual Violence during the Last Year (Unit: %, Person) Sexual Violence with body contact Less serious Serious Molestation Molestation Total % (Cases) Female % (Cases) Male % (Cases) Attempted rape Sexual Rape Total Harassm ent (a) (b) (c) (d) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) 2.1 (55) 3.3 (49) 0.8 (6) 1.2 (34) 2.1 (32) 0.2 (2) 0.2 (7) 0.4 (7) - 0.2 (3) 0.2 (2) 0.1 (1) 2.9 (78) 4.7 (71) 0.9 (7) 1.4 (37) 2.4 (35) 0.2 (2) Obscene Genital Stalking Phone call Exposure 34.2 (673) 27.1 (425) 41.8 (248) 2.0 (47) 2.7 (42) 1.1 (5) 0.6 (15) 1.0 (13) 0.2 (2) (Cases) (2,200) (1,583) (617) Source: Kim et al. (2010), 「2010 Sexual Violence Survey of Korea」, p.143, Ministry of Gender Equality% and Family. Note: 1) Percentage based on weighted analysis 2) Number of cases from survey is in parentheses. 3) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) indicates those with at least one of a or b or c or d. Comparing Survey and Criminal Statistics (Unit: Person) 2010 Sexual Violence Survey) 2010 Less Serious Serious Attempted Molestation Molestation Rape (a) (b) (c) (d) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) (Cases) (55) (34) (7) (3) (78) Estimated Persons 708,864 392,949 74,627 50,952 980,694 Rate per 100,000 2087.0 1156.9 219.7 150.0 2887.3 Type Rape Total Criminal Statistics 16,156 32.5 Source: Kim et al. (2010), 「2010 Sexual Violence Survey of Korea」, p.145, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: 1) Estimated persons are based on weighted analysis by sex and region. 2) Number of cases from survey is in parentheses. Total number of cases are 2,200. 3) Rate per 100,000 = Estimated persons/Total pop×100,000. Total pop is 33,965,852. 4) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) indicates those with at least one of a or b or c or d. Lifetime Prevalence Rate of Sexual Violence among Women (Unit: %, Persons) Sexual Violence with body contact Less Serious Serious Attempted Molestation Molestation Rape (a) (b) Female 29.0 (Cases) (437) Sexual Obscene Genital Stalking (Cases) Rape Total (c) (d) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) 7.3 3.6 1.4 30.5 15.7 52.7 34.7 6.1 (109) (53) (20) (464) (249) (826) (536) (101) Harassment Phone call Exposure (1,583) Source: Kim et al. (2010), 「2010 Sexual Violence Survey of Korea」, p.146, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: 1) Percentage based on weighted analysis 2) Number of cases from survey is in parenthesis Incidence Rate by Women’s Characteristics during the Last Year (Unit: %, Person) Sexual Violence with body contact Type% Less Serious Serious Attempted Molestation Molestation Rape (a) (b) (c) Rape Total (d) (a⋃b⋃c⋃d) Sexual Obscene Genital Stalking Harassment Phone call Exposure Age (Cases) (1,582) Aged 19-34 8.6 3.5 0.6 0.4 11.0 5.6 37.5 3.5 1.9 (378) Aged 35-49 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.2 2.4 1.2 28.0 2.8 0.6 (632) Aged 50-64 2.6 2.1 0.5 - 3.9 1.6 24.5 3.0 1.3 (361) 65 and over 1.4 1.5 - - 1.8 1.9 16.4 1.4 - (211) Education High school and less Junior college and over (1,473) 2.4 1.8 0.3 0.1 3.1 1.9 24.9 2.1 1.4 (867) 4.8 2.5 0.6 0.2 6.7 3.6 34.2 3.7 0.4 (606) Source: Kim et al. (2010), 「2010 Sexual Violence Survey of Korea」, p.148, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Note: 1) Percentage based on weighted analysis 2) Number of cases from survey is in parentheses.