COMMENTS
ON
DRAFT ICATUS 2012
Indira Hirway
Centre For Development Alternatives, India
EGM at UNSD, New York
June 2012.
Objectives of TUS determine TUS Activity
Classification
• Evolution in the objectives of TUS – economic objectives
are increasingly getting important
• Entry of developing countries has shifted the focus
towards economic objectives
• In the global economy today – particularly in the
background of the global crisis, TUS has an important
role to play
• There is a need to have SNA framework
Conceptual Framework for TUS
Activity Classification - 1
• Necessary Time: the activities that are necessary for human beings,
related to basic physiological needs of people, such as, eating, sleeping,
health and hygiene
• Contracted Time: the activities that people have been contracted to
perform, such as work/employment or study.
• Committed Time: Activities which are committed by people to maintain a
house or family, such as, house work, care of children, shopping for family,
or activities performed for non-household members or voluntary
organizations.
• Free Time: The time left after the three above activities are performed.
These activities include leisure activities, socialization etc.
Time Use Activity Classifications in Selected Developed Countries
Australia
HETUS Eurostat
Canada
ISAC *
1. Personal care
0. Personal care
5. Personal care
1. Personal Needs
2. Employment Related Activities
1. Employment
1. Employed work
2. Paid Work
3. Education Activity
2. Study
6. School and education
3. Study
4. Domestic Activities
3. Household and
family care
2. Domestic work
4. Household and
family care
5. Child care activities
3. Care of children
6. Purchasing goods and services
4. Shopping and services
7. Voluntary work and related care
activities
4. Voluntory work
&meetings
7. Organisational and
Voluntary &religious
activities
5. Voluntary work
and community
participation
8. Social & community
Interaction
5. Social life and
entertainments
8. Entertainment
6. Socializing
9. Recreation and leisure
6. Sports and Outdoor
activities
7. Hobbies & games
7. Sports participation
9. Sports & Hobbies
(participation)
8. Hobbies and craft
(participation)
9. Entertainment and
culture (attendance)
8. Mass Media
10. Media and
10. Mass Media
9. Travel and
unspecified time
Note:* International Standard Activity Classification developed by Harvey A & Niemi Iiris (1996) Source: Country Reports on Time Use Surveys
Classification of Economic Work in the Classifications of Industrialized Countries
Australia
HETUS Eurostat
Canada
USA 2003-4
1. Main Job
1. Main job
1. Work for pay at main job
1. work for pay
2. Other Job
2. Second job
2. Work for pay at other jobs
2. work related activities
3. other income
generating activities
3. Overtime work
3. Unpaid work in family
business/firm
5. Unpaid work in family
Business/firm
4. Work breaks
5. Job search
4. Looking for work
6. Associated communication
3. Activities related to employment (
job seeking,
lunch breaks, etc.)
5. Government service
7. Associated travel
8. Employment related activities
6. Travel during work
7. Waiting / delays in work
8. Meals / snacks at work
8. Idle time
9. Coffee/other breaks
10. Other work activity
11. Travel from to work
Source: Country Reports on Time Use Surveys.
4. job search &
interviewing
Conceptual Framework for TUS
Activity Classification – 2
UNSD
• UN SNA activities falling within the production
boundary
• Extended SNA activities falling outside the
production boundary but within the General
production Boundary
• Personal, activities – non-delegable activities
UNSD’s Trial Time Use Activity Classification (1997)
(3-digit)
Main Groups
Subgroups
1.Employment for establishments
7
2. Primary production activities not for establishments
8
3. Services for income and other production of goods not for
establishments
9
4. Household maintenance, management and shopping for own
household
9
5. Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household
8
6. Community services and help to other households
9
7. Learning
6
8. Social, cultural and recreational activities
9
9. Mass media use
7
0. Personal care and self-maintenance
8
Activities
In
3-digits
Problems with UNSD 1997 Classification
• The first group is expected to capture formal SNA work and 2-3 groups are
expected to capture informal non-SNA work - the three groups however
are not really capable of distinguishing formal and informal work.
• This classification could not identify industry groups of additional workers
netted through TUS
• Since most of the activities performed in the first group are also
performed in the second or the third groups, there is considerable
repetition of activities in the first and the other groups lengthening the list
of activities and confusing the investigators and coders.
Structure of ICATUS 2000
Categories
Divisions
A.Work for corporations/quasi-corporations, non profit institutions and government (formal sector work)
B Work for household enterprises in primary production activities
C. Work for household enterprises in non-primary production activities
D. Work for household enterprises in construction activities
E. Work for household enterprises providing services for income
F. Providing unpaid domestic for own final use within household
G. Providing unpaid care giving services to household members
H. Providing community services and help to other households
I. Learning
J. Socializing and community participation
K. Attending/visiting cultural, entertainment and sports events/venues
L. Hobbies, games and other pastime activities
M. Indoor and outdoor sports participation and related courses
N. Mass media
O. Personal care and maintenance
Source: UNSD, New York, 2000
C
ICATUS Major Divisions within the SNA typological matrix
Productive Activities
Non- Productive
(personal)
Within SNA Productive Boundary
Outside SNA productive
Boundary
01 Formal employment
06 Household – services for
own use
09 Learning
02 Household – primary production of
goods
07 Household- unpaid care
10 Socializing
03 Household – non-primary production
of goods
08 Household – volunteer
work
11
Cultural,
entertainment
04 Household-construction
12 Hobbies, games
05 Household- services for income
13 Sports
14 Mass media
15 Personal care
Problems with ICATUS 2000
• Division 01 is treated as formal sector and 2-5 as informal –
however this is not valid
• Since it is likely that TUS nets additional workers in the
institutions included in Division 1 – however there is no way
we know their industry classes
• Putting “looking for work” in each major division is not
required
• The classification is lengthy, clumsy and complex
ICATUS 2012
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1
Paid work
2
Unpaid domestic services for own final use within household
3
Unpaid care-giving services to household members
4
Community services and help to other households
5
Learning
6
Socializing and community participation
7
Leisure and sports
8
Personal care and maintenance
Results from the merge of major divisions 11, 12, 13 and 14 of ICATUS
2005
Major Divisions of Time Use Activities under Different Classification
Pre-1997[1] UNSD- 1997
UNSD2005
UNSD
2012
SNA activities
1
3
5
1
Non-SNA
3-4
3
3
3
Personal activities
4-5
4
7
4
Total
9
10
15
8
[1]
This classification is used mainly by developed countries
SNA Needs more Major Divisions
• About two third of countries in the South want TUS for
improving estimates and understanding of informal /
subsistence work
• TUS data are useful for the countries in the North also for
“economic” reasons – economic objectives are getting
increasingly important at the global level
• Under an SNA framework, one needs equal weitage to SNA
activities
• The percent share of the time spent on SNA activities is
significant
Estimated WPR from NSSO and TUS (with comparable concepts of “work”)
NSSO 1999-00
TUS 1998-99
NSSO 1999-00
TUS 1998-99
Rural
Rural
Urban
Urban
Male
Female
Person
Haryana
46.2
17.7
32.8
Madhya
Pradesh
51.2
30.7
Gujarat
57.1
Orissa
Male
Femal
e
Perso
n
Female
Person
58.7
61.47
59.9
50.2
10.0
31.3
54.5
39.08
47.6
41.3
61.8
54.92
58.6
47.3
12.1
30.5
57.5
30.68
44.9
35.5
46.4
63.4
58.48
61.1
52.9
12.5
33.6
56.9
25.78
42.3
52.7
23.3
37.9
61.7
58.34
60.0
45.7
11.6
29.3
58.4
30.97
45.8
Tamil
Nadu
56.6
38.1
47.4
68.4
60.62
64.5
55.2
20.1
38.1
63.8
34.21
48.9
Meghalay
a
55.6
42.0
48.7
58.6
59.35
58.9
39.3
19.7
29.7
53.8
35.06
43.8
Combined
States
51.0
25.3
38.4
63.3
58.2
60.8
50.9
12.8
32.7
59.3
30.89
45.67
States
Male
Male
Female
Person
NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Male
Figure: 1
10
-1
4
15
-1
9
20
-2
4
25
-2
9
30
-3
4
35
-3
9
40
-4
4
45
-4
9
50
-5
4
55
-5
60
9
&
Ab
ov
e
59
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NSSO
TUS
Source: Hirway and Jose 2011, based on TUS 1998-99 and NSSO 1999-00
NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Female
Figure: 2
100
80
60
40
20
10
-1
4
15
-1
9
20
-2
4
25
-2
9
30
-3
4
35
-3
9
40
-4
4
45
-4
9
50
-5
4
55
-5
60
9
&
Ab
ov
e
59
0
NSSO
TUS
Source: Hirway and Jose 2011, based on TUS 1998-99 and NSSO 1999-00
NSSO and TUS Based WPRs by Age Groups: Male + Female
Figure: 3
100
80
60
40
20
10
-1
4
15
-1
9
20
-2
4
25
-2
9
30
-3
4
35
-3
9
40
-4
4
45
-4
9
50
-5
4
55
-5
60
9
&
Ab
ov
e
59
0
NSSO
TUS
Source: Hirway and Jose 2011, based on TUS 1998-99 and NSSO 1999-00
ICATUS
Groups within Division 1:
• 11 Work for corporations/quasi corporations, non-profit
institutions and government (“formal sector” work)
• 12 Work for household in primary production activities
• 13 Work for household in non-primary production activities
• 14 Work for household in construction activities
• 15 Work for household providing services for income
• 16 Looking for work / setting up business
• 18 Travel related to paid work
• 1x Other activities related to paid work not elsewhere
classified (n.e.c)
Problems with the SNA groups in
ICATUS 2012
• Division 01 cannot be treated as formal sector
and employment in this division
• time use surveys are likely to net additional
workforce from the formal as well as informal
sector units. And if this is the case, it will be
important to collect information on the
“industry” class of the workers of the formal
sectors also – so that new estimates of workforce
will be available industry-wise.
Reorganization of SNA Activities
• Activities in the production in the primary sector,
• Activities in the production in the secondary sector and
• Activities in the tertiary sector – in trade and services.
• Each of these divisions can be classified and sub-classified into detailed
sectors and sub-sectors and activities:
•
•
•
•
1 division (work for primary production activities
11 Growing crops and trees; kitchen gardening
111 onwards
1111 further details
Use of Context Variables
• For whom
• With Whom
• Location
• Others: paid / unpaid; use of technology etc
Advantages of this Classification
• It takes into account - is comparable with all the major
classification schemes in developed and developing countries
• It serves the major objective of the TUS in the South - it helps in
identifying industry classification of additional employment netted
• It serves the major objective of the TUS in the North
• It is simple and easy to operate
• With the right kind of context variables, the classification is
enriched in terms of its interpretation and utility.
THANK YOU!